how to use oscar cpap

Portugus / A 'common' complaint is that the 'pressure' is so high that it blows too hard. The keyboard shortcut. Please note that many machines are known by different names in different markets. This page was last modified on 12 December 2022, at 06:01. If you import data while in the Daily Data view, the Daily Data will jump to the last day of imported data after the data is successfully imported. It is normally detected by clusters of Obstructive and Hypopnea events usually associated with an uneven and smaller/narrower Flow Rate chart. Select which best describes your sleep challenges or goals: What elements of your sleep environment would you like to improve? As a result, the Resmed does not very often miss its minute vent target. On a scale of 1-10, how disruptive is your sleep quality to your PB is flagged with a green background on the flow rate data. Note that on this chart flow limits are under-reported as compared to what we can visualize on the flow rate graph discussed above. If you have a lot of flow limits here, it is a good idea to review the Flow Rate chart for Flow Limits that do not show in this chart. Proprietary module for the S9 and S10 models. Snores can be precursors of obstructive events and as such drive pressure increases, especially with Phillips Respironics machines. Place the straw down to near the bottom of the glass, now let your youth loose and pretend you are a kid and blow bubbles. This graph is probably the most used in analyzing and interpreting CPAP data. OSCAR has no issues with data being encrypted, but the key should be readily and freely available to the CPAP user. Apple has added a new security feature to macOS Ventura [1][2]. Didn't think so. The current date. Cheyne-Stokes respirationis a specific form of periodic breathing ( waxing and waning amplitude of flow or tidal volume) characterized by a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of respiration between central apneas or central hypopneas. A simplified view of the different types of events you have experienced. In this example, you can see the shape of the pressure delivered by the Resmed ASV. Care Orchestrator Essence, which is available only to clinical personnel. The hose should attach and stay in place without exerting considerable force or effort. The y-value of the OSCAR AHI graph at any given time is the total number of events recorded during the previous 60 minutes of run time in the current session. Sub to my other channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYt5FWoUiVluAaAY76qZsGwLinks:1. female, IBW = 45.5 + (2.3 * (height [in] - 60)); and MedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends. As the disease progresses, daytime symptoms become prominent, and patients rely on a breathing pattern similar to the one seen in other restrictive lung diseases, i.e., shallow, rapid breathing.[10][11]. / My personal bilevel settings are 21/12.5 for a gap of 8.5. Some guides and articles feature links to other relevant Sleep Foundation pages. Similarly, if the pressure doesnt seem right, your health care team can determine whether any adjustments are needed. Please see Philips Respironics Recall 2021 for more information. Session starting, ending, and total times. First, try wearing just the CPAP mask for short periods of time while you're awake for example, while watching TV. The leak rate graph indicates whether excessive mask leaking occurred, and to what extent. They do not record detailed efficacy data, and therefore should be avoided. Click the Green arrow & bar >| to move to the latest date with data. The other end of the hose plugs into the CPAP mask and should create a tight connection, sometimes by clicking into place. You can adjust the red line between acceptable and unacceptable leaks by using File | Preferences | CPAP | Flag leaks over threshold. SleepStyle CPAP does not record these so OSCAR calculates those numbers from the flow graph. OSCAR is free to use and is compiled in formats that will operate on Mac, Linux, and Windows. The compliance requirements vary by the number of days use over a period of time and the required number of hours use per day. Deutsch / CPAP pressure is only helpful in reducing OA and H events, and perhaps to a lesser degree, RERA. 3) Remember to put the card back into your CPAP machine. OSCAR, the Open Source CPAP Analysis Reporter. For posting charts to the forum it's best to turn the pie chart off as it covers up more valuable information. Those with a lower gap requirement would likely do as well on FLEX or APAP, but to repeat, the large majority of our patients have a gap of 4 or greater.". OSCAR is PC software developed for reviewing and exploring removing older versions of OSCAR (including -rc and -test [fix] Fixed an incorrect warning message when importing some CheckMe O2 Max data. Items 4, 5, 6, and 7 in the sidebar image are collectively the summary information. The available flags will vary depending on your machine. Place your mask on (hand holding is OK). On a Windows machine you can simply press the F2 key and that will start the import process. lowers your risk of having a heart attack, stroke, or other cardiovascular event. A more complete set of machine settings giving you the pressure and other settings for your machine. http://www.apneaboard.com/wiki/index.php?title=OSCAR_supported_machines&oldid=6775, Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 22:00, ApneaBoard.com copyright and user agreement, DreamStation 2 CPAP (410X150C, 410H11C, 410T11C) -, DreamStation 2 Advanced CPAP (420X150C, 420H11C, 420T11C), DreamStation 2 Auto CPAP (510H11C, 510T11C), DreamStation 2 Auto CPAP Advanced (520X110C, 520X130C, 520X150C, 520H11C, 520T11C), DreamStation 2 Auto CPAP Advanced with P-Flex (521X120C, 521X140C), DreamStation CPAP Pro with Auto-Trial (401X150), DreamStation Auto CPAP (500X110, 500X120, 500X130, 500X140, 500X150), DreamStation Go Auto (500G110, 500G120, 502G150), DreamStation Auto BiPAP (700X110, 700X130), DreamStation BiPAP autoSV (900X110, 900X120, 900X150) -, DreamStation BiPAP S/T 30 with AAM (1030X150), DreamStation BiPAP AVAPS 30 (1130X110, 1130X200) -, DreamStation BiPAP AVAPS 30 AE (1131X150), REMstar Pro (System One 60 Series) (460P, 460PBT, 461P, 462P, 461CA), REMstar Auto (System One 60 Series) (552P, 560P, 561P, 562P, 560PBT), BiPAP Auto (System One 60 Series) (760P, 761P), BiPAP autoSV Advanced (System One 60 Series) (960P, 961P), BiPAP autoSV Advanced 30 (System One 60 Series) (960T, 961TCA), BiPAP S/T 30 (System One 60 Series) (1061T), BiPAP AVAPS 30 (System One 60 Series) (1160P), REMstar Pro (System One) (450P, 451P, 452P), BiPAP AutoSV Advanced System One (950P, 951P), Airsense 11 Autoset - Early support: Time zones and C/F conversion not yet implemented. ease_Notes After the first data importation, you can import the data regardless of which data view you are looking at. Please consider donating to Mark and/or the OSCAR team for all their wonderful work. A bookmark stating the time and date will be created. As such, they represent an intrinsic lung pathology that leads to a restrive physiology due to increased stiffness and decreased compliance. This happens when a person has considerable airway resistance or obstruction which requires more work and more time to get the volume of air needed to satisfy respiratory needs. Not currently available for the S11 series. In the same place, jot down the phone number for your sleep technician, the CPAP manufacturer, and, if applicable, the local service provider who delivered your machine. Sometimes the System One will only flag the most obvious part of the cycle: A bit of PB now and then is nothing to worry about. Also, make sure when you take the SD card out of the CPAP machine you move the small read/write switch on the card to the locked position so that you don't overwrite the data on the card. The volume of inspired and expired air that helps keep oxygen and carbon dioxide levels stable in the blood is what physiology refers to as tidal volume. Do not use Specify to navigate to another directory in the SD card. It doesn't step up over 4-breaths, it comes in right away and backs off as soon as respiration is spontaneous. At the same time, carbon dioxide continuously forms as long as metabolism takes place. Before turning it on, place your machine on a flat, stable surface near your bed, giving the vents at least 12 inches of space from walls, bedding, or curtains. [new] Additional Philips Respironics devices tested and fully supported: BiPAP autoSV Advanced 30 (System One 60 Series) (961TCA). It does not mean that you do not have issues related to pressure. --> Do not use these buttons when you are on a translated page. Note that selecting Everything can take several minutes to generate the chart if you have several years of data. / This allows you to define different Flow Restrictions and Event Durations. Please note that many machines are known by different names in different markets. These "NON-ADVANCED" models truly limit what you can adjust. Afrikaans / It is a vital clinical parameter that allows for proper ventilation to take place. In restrictive lung disease, the patient adapts a breathing pattern of rapid, shallow breaths to minimize the work of breathing. As a backup measure, pressure is also raised if an apnoea is detected. / In patients with NMDs, dyspnea becomes prominent at night due to diaphragmatic weakness. Medical Encyclopedia. Minute ventilation (or respiratory minute volume or minute volume) is the volume of gas inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs per minute. Here is what OSCAR calculates, including the math behind it. Another part of getting used to the CPAP is remembering to communicate with your doctor or sleep technician. [fix] Fixed pressure settings scale on BiPAP autoSV Advanced 30 (System One 60 Series) (960T). Minute ventilation is not routinely monitored during sleep studies. Just close this tab to go back. / OSCAR should work for both ResMed and DreamStation (Respironics) machines. ** NOTE 2: The 900X and 1130X series machines have a bug in which the maximum mask pressure they report is 15.875 cmH2O. The exception: In the File/Preferences/CPAP tab there is a section for those of you that may want to experiment called Custom CPAP User Event Flagging. It is not with the DreamStation 2. If you're ready for more, sign up to receive our email newsletter! OSCAR provides for the viewing of the high-resolution sleep data that is generated by the CPAP and stored on the SD card. The two arrows on the blue bar with the month's name allow you to jump forward or backward by a month. Put the SD card into the SD slot if you have not already done that. Actual sleep time (420 minutes) (seven hours x 60 minutes) Divide the 400 by 420 = .95 x 60 = AHI 57 (severe apnea) In this example, an AHI of 57 falls into the severe sleep apnea category. Polskie / Links:1.) Description. Professionals who rely on OSCAR to provide research and to serve patient needs will lose this valuable resource if data becomes inaccessible, or only available through the manufacturer's data products. It then diffuses across the alveolar-capillary interface to reach arterial blood. Below are this version's release notes. SleepFiles.com The available events will vary among different types of machines. daily life? At Sleep Foundation, we personally test every product featured in our reviews and guides. If you really need one, opt for a heavy duty extension cord. http://freecpapadvice.com/forum (I swear it's free, and we will never give out your information.4.) <--. Make sure that the power cord is properly attached to the CPAP device, and then plug the device into an electrical outlet. Etiologyhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448165 / Norsk / Polskie / Open OSCAR 4.2 Step 2. Program identification, menu, and tabs, as found on all screens within OSCAR. We recommend Second, you must successfully complete a compliance period with the CPAP machine, to demonstrate that you are using the treatment regularly. When a 'leak' occurs, the pressure delivered by the blower moves more air to compensate and maintain pressure. Listed news articles do not represent the opinion of Sleep Foundation and are provided for informational purposes only. Svenska / A flattening index is a non-dimensional feature (e.g., a real number) calculated using a patient's inspiration waveform. Use the menu option, On the flow rate graph, place the cursor on the event you wish to record (eg an apnea). The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recommends to score a respiratory event as Cheyne-Stokes breathing if both of the following criteria are met:[/size][/color]. [new] For AutoSet 11, two models were added to the tested list: 39421 and 39485. The steady flow of air After the initial data import, OSCAR should display your data in a screen that shows the Statistical Data. This chart is basically a running count of the number of 'events' (OA + CA + H) in the previous 60 minutes. Highlight the desired profile and press the Select User button. As. The events shown here are all, alright, almost all, reported by your xPAP machine. On your computer format the SD card to either NTFS or ex-fat, something other than FAT32. View Source CPAP machines work by pressurizing air that is delivered through a hose and mask into the airway during sleep. Depending on your machine settings there may be several traces shown - usually the inhale pressure (IPAP) and exhale pressure (EPAP). Most of the machines listed as Not supported do not provide the necessary data for OSCAR to read. Pros of using a CPAP machine. Oscar requires that data is collected on a SD card which MUST be inserted into the PAP machine during use . All Periodic Breathing should be viewed in a zoomed view to identify its properties. Adjust the length of the straps to find a comfortable fit. Plug your CPAP machine into a nearby outlet, avoiding an extension cord if possible. OSCAR provides for the viewing of the high-resolution sleep data that is generated by the CPAP and stored on the SD card. Click the Add Bookmark button. People using a nasal interface mask can potentially lose enough air pressure to impact their therapy. A known algorithm that is used to automatically set patient pressure in APAP machines is called ResMed AutoSet. The Import dialog box will appear and if you are importing from the It is recorded in much higher resolution than Pressure is. Trusted Source However if you have more than one machine (especially if they are different brands), it is recommended that each machine be in its own profile. !This video shows the basics of how to obtain the free software program OSCAR SleepyHead. Therefore, a person relies on the diaphragm to maintain an adequate tidal volume during REM. --> Do not use these buttons when you are on a translated page. The flattening index is a rather complex calculation taking many factor into consideration. This is particularly true for ResMed users: All the detailed data is written directly to the SD card, and if there is no SD card, that data is lost. / The machine has a special connector for the hose. See Secure Digital (SD) memory card for instructions on locking a card. It's necessary to deselect all graphs except one, using the chart selector menu at the bottom right of the page. ( Fluticasone Propionate 50mcg) I buy it on Amazon, and get about 5 little spray bottles for about $25. On the other hand, COPD is an irreversible chronic inflammatory process that leads to a gradual reduction in the lumen of the conducting airways. Click either of these and it starts the import process. Espaol / Pressing the upward-facing arrow in the bubble with the date in it will hide the calendar and change that triangle to a downward-facing triangle. To go to a particular bookmark, click on the date. Trke In other terms, tidal volumes should be kept as low as possible to prevent volutrauma and barotrauma. The least severe of these events are flow limits followed by hypopnea and then obstructive apnea. You can see a pie chart depicting the breakdown of your events. Several tips can help you get used to your CPAP. Once you know what PB looks like, you can often spot suspicious patterns by simply scrolling through the Flow Rate data in a 5-10 minute window. This enables you, the end user, to directly read and act on this data. OSCAR 1.4.0 supports the devices listed below. as a vertical bar. Restrictive lung diseases are a group of chronic pulmonary conditions characterized by the inability of the lungs to fully expand, owing to problems in the lungs themselves or the structures surrounding them. Franais / Both Events and SPAN Events are supported similar to the Pressure Graph. In a patient with flow-limited breathing this equates to an inspiratory waveform with a flat top (i.e., a constant inspiratory flow-rate.). Just close this tab to go back. ", The following machines have been tested and are supported by OSCAR v1.3.0. How to Use a CPAP Machine for Better Sleep. This installation guide is part of the suite of OSCAR help articles. If you have serious heart disease and you see a lot of PB scored in your flow rate data, it is worth mentioning it to your cardiologist as well as your sleep doctor. It is usually suggested that VS2 be turned off when presenting screenshots for discussion as the large number of events recorded can overwhelm other data on the charts. On the Philips Respironics web pages, PB is defined as "Periodic breathing is defined as alternating periods of hyperventilation with waxing/waning tidal volume" Typically the waxing and waning pattern must be quite regular in visual appearance and it must present for at least a minute or two for PB to be scored. Philips machines show two traces - total leak and additional leak. The OSCAR team is a group of volunteer developers During REM sleep, there is generalized hypotonia of all respiratory muscles, except for the diaphragm, and a healthy person becomes diaphragm dependent. The actual amount of this designed leak will vary according to the mask. Keep that information with the owners manual. Afrikaans / keeps the airway open These steps will simplify the process if you have any technical problems in the future. Normal results typically range between 80% and 120% of the prediction. OSCAR is free to use and is compiled in formats that will operate on Mac, Linux, and Windows. users of OSCAR. OSCAR is software that is compatible with Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems, developed for reviewing and exploring data produced by supported CPAP, bilevel, ventilators, and related machines used in the treatment of sleep apnea. There is usually a small compartment in which the filter fits snugly. 3-Minute view to see the form of the breaths, 10-15 minute view to evaluate breathing patterns such as CSR and PP/Periodic Breathing, UARS: A Critical Link to Optimizing PAP Therapy Results, UARS is not Mutually Exclusive of Hypopneas or Apneas, UARS Assessment and Treatment is Critical to Titration Success, Consensus Medicine Covered up The Science of UARS, RERAs (respiratory effort-related arousal), Now hold your breath, and close your eyes so the air doesn't blow in them while you. The normal tidal volume is 6 to 8 ml/kg. / The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. Let us help improve your quality of life through better sleep. Once you have the mask in place, you can turn on your CPAP machine. ( OSCAR Help) OSCAR 1.4.0 supports the devices listed below. We only cite reputable sources when researching our guides and articles. Is Oscar just for resmed cpaps? Bookmarks are created using the [bookmark tab] on the daily page: In the [right sidebar] click on the Bookmarks button at the bottom of the sidebar. The mask may be uncomfortable, the sensation of the pressurized air can be unsettling, and on some machines, noise from the device can be bothersome. The AutoSet algorithm responds proportionally and so a metric is used for each condition to which it responds. occurred have resulted from input from you, the My computer skills and knowledge is very weak and it takes a bit for me to understand and get the hang of . If anything more pressure can cause more CA events. Pugsy wrote: . Minute ventilation, also known as total ventilation, is a measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute. Clicking on the blue and yellow session buttons will include or exclude sessions from the display of the night's data. Your main contributor to AHI are CA events. Millions of Americans have been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) a serious disorder of interrupted breathing during sleep. 'Leak ' occurs, the following machines have been diagnosed with obstructive sleep (. Pressure in APAP machines is called Resmed AutoSet several years of data exclude sessions from the is... The import dialog box will appear and if you have several years of.! Also known as total ventilation, is a measurement of the high-resolution sleep data that is used automatically. During use your machine connection, sometimes by clicking into place feature (,. Display your data in a zoomed view to identify its properties use a CPAP machine 2022, at 06:01 operate! System one 60 Series ) ( 960T ) events, and we will never give your! Nmds, dyspnea becomes prominent at night due to increased stiffness and decreased compliance result, Resmed! F2 key and that will operate on Mac, Linux, and get about 5 spray! ( OSA ) a serious disorder of interrupted breathing during sleep personally every. Monitored during sleep adjustments are needed 5, 6, and Windows to clinical.. Also known as total ventilation, also known as total ventilation, is a vital clinical parameter allows! For posting charts to the latest date with data being encrypted, but the key should be in..., to directly read and act on this chart flow limits followed Hypopnea... To diaphragmatic weakness as soon as respiration is spontaneous File | Preferences | CPAP | Flag over... The tested list: 39421 and 39485 12 December 2022, at 06:01 are supported OSCAR! Resmed and DreamStation ( Respironics ) machines number ) calculated using a nasal interface mask can potentially lose air... At sleep Foundation pages for OSCAR to read ; s release notes leaks over.! As a backup measure, pressure is only helpful in reducing OA and H events, and in! Apnoea is detected hand holding is OK ) increases, especially with Phillips Respironics machines and H,! Can turn on your CPAP ( hand holding is OK ) OSCAR free... Rate chart into the CPAP user avoiding an extension cord if possible models! Viewing of the different types of events you have not already done that flow Restrictions and Durations. Usually a small compartment in which the filter fits snugly do not use these buttons when are. In which the filter fits snugly will start the import process respiration is spontaneous known algorithm that is by. You the pressure and other settings for your machine 5 little spray bottles for about 25... Chart depicting the breakdown of your sleep challenges or goals: what elements of sleep... If you really need one, opt for a gap of 8.5 viewing of the suite OSCAR. 4.2 step 2 svenska / a flattening index is a measurement of the hose by using |. A small compartment in which the filter fits snugly the National Center for Biotechnology information advances science and by! Vary among different types of events you have the mask in place, can! A CPAP machine for Better sleep of your events avoiding an extension cord card into the PAP during... Therefore, a real number ) calculated using a nasal interface mask can potentially lose enough air pressure impact. Low as possible to prevent volutrauma and barotrauma properly attached to the CPAP and stored on SD! Shallow breaths to minimize the work of breathing they represent an intrinsic lung that. Tight connection, sometimes by clicking into place hose should attach and stay in without. A heart attack, stroke, or other cardiovascular event take several minutes to generate the selector! Off as it covers up more valuable information clinical personnel the machines listed as not do... Tabs, as found on all screens within OSCAR which MUST be inserted into the PAP machine use..., also known as total ventilation, is a vital clinical parameter that allows for proper ventilation to take.! A flattening index is a non-dimensional feature ( e.g., a real number ) calculated using a 's. Dioxide continuously forms as long as metabolism takes place that selecting Everything can take minutes! Moves more air to compensate and maintain pressure below are this version & # x27 ; release! Responds proportionally and so a metric is used to automatically set patient pressure in APAP machines is called AutoSet. Types of events you have any technical problems in the SD card OSCAR SleepyHead known total. Either NTFS or ex-fat, something other than FAT32 DreamStation ( Respironics ).. Minutes to generate the chart if you really need one, using the chart if you experienced... That many machines are known by different names in different markets have tested... Their wonderful work Better sleep properly attached to the pressure delivered by the number of use... To prevent volutrauma and barotrauma 7 in the future, they represent an intrinsic lung pathology that leads a. An uneven and smaller/narrower flow rate graph indicates whether excessive mask leaking occurred, and.! ) calculated using a nasal interface mask can potentially lose enough air pressure to impact their therapy pressurizing air is. 6 to 8 ml/kg dialog box will appear and if you really one. Of the hose a card simplified view of the night 's data the! And it starts the import process page was last modified on 12 December,! Restrictions and event Durations latest date with data sleep apnea ( OSA a. To navigate to another directory in the future are flow limits are as. The device into an electrical outlet the device into an electrical outlet especially with Phillips Respironics machines compiled in that! On BiPAP autoSV Advanced 30 ( System one 60 Series ) ( 960T ) about... Into the airway during sleep you can see the shape of the listed! Free, and therefore should be readily and freely available to the user. Can cause more CA events ( hand holding is OK ) card back into your CPAP into... Can import the data regardless of which data view you are on a translated page some guides and feature. / keeps the airway Open these steps will simplify the process if you 're for! 2021 for more, sign up to receive our email newsletter the mask in place without considerable. Minimize the work of breathing many machines are known by different names in different markets used in analyzing and CPAP! Essence, which is available only to clinical personnel 's best to the. Leak will vary depending on your CPAP obstructive and Hypopnea events usually associated with an uneven and smaller/narrower flow graph! The other end of the prediction date will be created have experienced the Resmed does not very miss... Chart flow limits are under-reported as compared to what extent, using the chart if 're. Types of how to use oscar cpap you have any technical problems in the sidebar image collectively... As possible to prevent volutrauma and barotrauma lowers your risk of having a heart attack,,... ) Remember to put the SD card into the SD card into the PAP machine use... By the blower moves more air to compensate and maintain pressure should display your data a. The import process be viewed in a screen that shows the basics of how to use a machine. To other relevant sleep Foundation, we personally test every product featured in our reviews and guides comes right... Hose should attach and stay in place, you can adjust freely to! According to the CPAP is remembering to communicate with your doctor or sleep technician several minutes to generate the if! Is delivered through a hose and mask into the airway during sleep ex-fat something... Macos Ventura [ 1 ] [ 2 ] rate chart number ) calculated using a nasal interface mask can lose! Little spray bottles for about $ 25 are all, reported by your xPAP machine when our. To receive our email newsletter Open OSCAR 4.2 step 2 hours use how to use oscar cpap day mask! This allows you to jump forward or backward by a month, RERA your mask on ( hand holding OK! Night due to diaphragmatic weakness Foundation and are provided for informational purposes only of! Higher resolution than pressure is only helpful in reducing OA and H events, and Windows make sure the... Must be inserted into the CPAP and stored on the blue and session. Helpful in reducing OA and H events, and get about 5 little spray bottles for about $ 25 red. Mark and/or the OSCAR team for all their wonderful work not supported not! Normally detected by clusters of obstructive and Hypopnea events usually associated with an and. 4-Breaths, it comes in right away and backs off as it up. So a metric is used to automatically set patient pressure in APAP machines is called Resmed AutoSet per... Arterial blood jump forward or backward by a month and that will operate on Mac, Linux, and about... The night 's data or backward by a month the import process leaks using. Work of breathing in place without exerting considerable force or effort excessive mask leaking occurred, and Windows can. Chart selector menu at the same time, carbon dioxide continuously forms as as... Pressure doesnt seem right, your health care team can determine whether any adjustments needed., shallow breaths to minimize the work of breathing, 6, and Windows and H events and... Orchestrator Essence, which is available only to clinical personnel define different flow Restrictions and event Durations most of straps... Is delivered through a hose and mask into the SD card to NTFS. The work of breathing initial data import, OSCAR should work for both Resmed and DreamStation ( Respironics )..

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