You can contact Christopher L Byrd at 7126 . New Haven: Yale University Press; Huntington R (2010) Race for the South Pole: The Expedition Diaries of Scott and Amundsen. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. Byrd spent only one week in the Antarctic, and started his return to the United States on February 3, 1956. On 1 September 1943, in compliance with a series of letters from the President to the Secretary of the Navy, the Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations ordered Byrd to assume direction of a survey and "investigation of certain islands in the East and South Pacific in connection with national defense and commercial air bases and routes." Admiral Byrd is the only person to have three ticker-tape parades in New York City (in 1926, 1927, and 1930) given in his honor. Chile responded by presenting a plan to suspend all Antarctic claims for five to ten years, while negotiating a final solution, but this did not find acceptance. Recently, General Charles Q. In the summer of 1949, secretary of the Navy Louis Johnson argued that his peers, faced with the urgent necessity for economy, agreed that regular fleet training and fleet operations should take precedence over special and less essential requirements. Acknowledging the good achieved during previous Antarctic expeditions, Johnson remained aware of the unique position of the Antarctic as a proving ground for cold weather military and naval techniques.21)Letter, Admiral M.B. His belief to have reached the North Pole is disputed. Putnams Sons. The 50th anniversary of Byrd's first flight over the South Pole was commemorated in a set of two postage stamps by Australian Antarctic Territory in 1979, and a commemorative flag was designed. Privacy Policy. On July 14, 1912, he was assigned to the battleship USS Wyoming. He was then recalled to active duty and was assigned to the Office of Naval Operations and served in a desk job as secretary and organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps. On September 22, 1949just before its intended departureHighjump II was cancelled by civilian Undersecretary of the Navy Dan Kimball.22)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008) Explorer, 43132. As a senior officer in the United States Navy, Byrd was recalled on active duty on March 26, 1942, and served as the confidential advisor to Admiral Ernest J. Admiral Richard E. Byrd Middle School, located in Frederick County, Virginia, was opened in 2005, and is decorated with pictures and letters from Byrd's life and career. A large explosion at sea on October 7, 1943 took the lives of 24 Concord crewmen, including the executive officer, Commander Rogers Elliott. The decision-making participants are the Consultative Parties and, in addition to the 12 original signatories, including 17 countries that have demonstrated their interest in Antarctica by carrying out substantial scientific activity there. Isis 104(1): 129. He was a member of National Sojourners Chapter No. Were he alive today, Admiral Richard Byrd would certainly have agreed. Although he was allowed to remain at the academy, his injuries eventually led to his forced retirement from the Navy in 1916. Funded by corporate magnates and public figureheads, Byrd conducted his first major Antarctic expedition between 1928 and 1930. 1917. Call Jessica D Byrd on phone number (480) 407-6400 for more information and advice or to book an appointment. London: Routledge. Admiral Byrd was interviewed by Lee van Atta of International News Service aboard the expedition's command ship USS Mount Olympus, in which he discussed the lessons learned from the operation. Reuters, January 30; Seethi K (2021) Russia, the United States, and Churning Arctic Geopolitics. On May 9, 1926, Byrd and Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m tri-motor monoplane named Josephine Ford after the daughter of Ford Motor Company president Edsel Ford, who helped finance the expedition. Having completed the first powered flight over the North Pole in 1926a feat that earned him the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honorrenowned naval aviator Richard E. Byrd channeled his public fame into financing the largest expedition to Antarctica ever attempted. It is the last great challengedown there lies the greatest adventure left in exploring and aviation.9)Rose L (2008) The Life of Richard E. Byrd. In spite of a short operating season, he established two Antarctic bases 1,500 miles apart, where valuable scientific and economic investigations are now being carried on. Other recipients include Robert Peary, Roald Amundsen, and Charles Lindbergh. ATS 13 of 1938. During service in the Caribbean Sea, Byrd received his first letter of commendation, and later a Silver Lifesaving Medal, for twice plunging fully clothed to the rescue of a sailor who had fallen overboard. Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation Highjump (1946 to 1947) and Operation Deep Freeze (1955 to 1956). The images were created using artificial intelligence and do not show the discovery of a secret civilization in Antarctica. In 1948, the U.S. Navy produced a documentary about Operation Highjump named The Secret Land. Journal of Historical Geography 34: 555. p. 187. Sargent takes statements made by Byrd about the potentially rich resources of Antarctica and the subsequent Antarctic Treaty, where nations agreed to restrict the military and commercial uses of the continent, as proof that the supposed true nature of the South Pole was being hidden from the public. There is no evidence that Byrd discovered a secret civilization in his expeditions as claimed in the posts. Congress passed a special act on December 21, 1926, promoting him to the rank of commander and awarding both Floyd Bennett and him the Medal of Honor. Facilitating the exchange of information between the Parties required in the Treaty and the Environment Protocol. With the approval of President Truman and Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, the Navy began planning the Antarctic Development Project (codenamed Operation Highjump) to be completed between 1946 and 1947.17)Letter, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson (1949) 30 August, Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. Journal of Historical Geography 44:68. Name. The expedition would be led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd. Wisconsin International Law Journal. Rear Admiral Byrd did much toward the difficult task of organizing the expedition, which was accomplished in one fourth of the time generally necessary for such undertakings. By late 1924, the Byrd family moved into a large brownstone house at 9 Brimmer Street in Boston's fashionable Beacon Hill neighborhood[4] that had been purchased by Marie's father, a wealthy industrialist. [13] During this expedition, Byrd made the acquaintance of Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett and Norwegian pilot Bernt Balchen. Byrd also received numerous other awards from governmental and private entities in the United States. That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole. It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary. See Untitled and Rough Draft (1945) 10 September, Box 206, Folder 7310, Byrd Papers. In this event, 66 countries participated. Indeed, the emergence of the United States as a global superpower in the aftermath of World War II and the looming threat of nuclear war with the USSR endowed the polar regions with immediate strategic significance. We go South to learn how to conquer the north polar areas, militarily, Byrd wrote, and how to cope with the severe weather conditions of the long night.40)Importance of Operation Highjump II to our National Security (1949) Byrd Papers. In the autumn of 1917, he was sent to naval aviation school at Pensacola, Florida. As such, understanding our present polar security policy today hinges on a knowledge of its past; indeed, our modern focus on international scientific collaboration, multinational joint-readiness exercises, harnessing the polar regions natural resources, and mastering its transportation routes all originated in Admiral Byrds postwar push for polar preparedness. By the time he died, Byrd had amassed 22 citations and special commendations, nine of which were for bravery and two for extraordinary heroism in saving the lives of others. In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Byrd an Honorary Scout, a new category of scout created that same year. The article says: Thanks to a source who wishes to remain nameless, we had the opportunity to view a large and compelling image collection of never before seen and highly top secret photos from Byrds many missions. Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, U.S.N, Retired, was in command of this flight, navigated the airplane, made the mandatory preparations for the flight, and through his untiring energy, superior leadership, and excellent judgment the flight was brought to a successful conclusion. The success of Operation Highjump prompted strategic planners to earmark the years 1947 to 1950 for the twin goals of ensuring the continuation of long range preparations for continuity of effort in the Antarctic and using gained knowledge to improve the usableness [sic] and logistic support of Greenland for military operations.20)Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. Byrd's fourth Antarctic expedition was code-named Operation Highjump. Byrd was one of several aviators who attempted to win the Orteig Prize in 1927 for making the first nonstop flight between the United States and France. The Arctic Institutes research and capacity building projects help make the Arctic a more secure, just, and sustainable place. Some news outlets reported President Trumans rumored dislike of Admiral Byrd as a reason for Highjump IIs cancellation. In 1926 with Floyd Bennett as pilot, and Byrd, acting as navigator, he made the first . All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. In November of 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt gave an order outlining the main objectives of the expedition. An R4D carrying Admiral Byrd and his men makes a jet-assisted takeoff from the carrier Philippine Sea and heads to Antarctica on January 29, 1947. At the suggestion of the World Meteorological Organization, the idea of the International Polar Year was extended to the entire planet, thus creating the International Geophysical Year that took place between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958. Videos of Byrds Antarctic expeditions can be seen (here), (here), (here), (here) by Reuters and British Pathe. He was released from active duty on October 1, 1945. Admiral Byrd was famed for going to the North and South Poles and obtaining the Congressional Medal of Honor. [18], As of 2023, there are 56 states party to the treaty,[2] 29 of which, including all 12 original signatories to the treaty, have consultative (voting) status. Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd (1888 - 1957) Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. They had four children Richard Evelyn Byrd III, Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke, Katharine Agnes Byrd Breyer, and Helen Byrd Stabler. Admiral Byrd. After the war, Byrd volunteered to be a crew member in the U.S. Navy's 1919 aerial transatlantic crossing. From August 26, 1946, and until the beginning of 1947, it carried out Operation Highjump, the largest military expeditionary force that the United States had ever sent to Antarctica, consisting of 13 ships, 4,700 men, and numerous aerial devices. General Orders: Letter Dated August 6, 1926. In addition, he received the Medal of Honor, the Silver Lifesaving Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Navy Cross. This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience, in an exclusive interview with International News Service. Below you see Top Secret Lost Photos from Admiral Byrds Antarctic Expedition. His ancestors include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas, William Byrd II of Westover Plantation, who established Richmond, as well as William Byrd I and Robert "King" Carter, a colonial governor. For his services during the war, he received a letter of commendation from Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, which was after World War II converted to a Navy Commendation Medal. When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. )[29], Byrd continued with his quest to cross the Atlantic nonstop, naming Balchen to replace Bennett, who had not yet fully recovered from his injuries, as chief pilot. His words serve as a timely reminder that strategic competition at one end of the earth is almost always intricately bound to the other. Operation Deep Freeze with Byrd in command laid the groundwork for the IGY in Antarctica 1955-56. [17] Bennett was promoted to the warrant officer rank of machinist. After their first winter, their expeditions were resumed, and on November 28, 1929, the first flight to the South Pole and back was launched. Moreover, it was the first Navy-led expedition to Antarctic waters in nearly a century.18)Rose (2008) Explorer, 42730; (1947) Byrd Expedition ReturnOperation Highjump Remarkable Record. Collecting, storing, arranging and publishing the documents of the ATCM. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 07918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States, in demonstrating, by his courage and professional ability that heavier-than-air craft could in continuous flight travel to the North Pole and return. In the Arctic, as ice caps recede and navigation through the Northwest passage facilitates the projection of commercial and military power, geopolitical confrontations loom on the horizon reminiscent of a bygone Cold War era.1)Forsyth M (JanuaryFebruary 2018) Why Alaska and the Arctic are Critical to the National Security of the United States. With research conducted during Highjump II, glacial highways could be developed for logistics support with improved surface transport equipment; extreme weather missions would simulate war-time operations and conditions; and pilots would learn to make forced landings in Arctic conditions. Naval Task Force 68a fleet of three Naval Groups overseen by Admiral Byrddeparted Norfolk, Virginia. Educate the public about the Antarctic Treaty which preserves an entire continent for peaceful scientific study and international cooperation. Siple went on to earn an doctorate and was probably the only person, other than Byrd himself, to participate in all five of Byrd's Antarctic expeditions. . Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau. Navy Book of Distinguished Service. This was Byrd's third Antarctic expedition and the first one that had the official. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 07918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States while in command of a Special Navy Mission to the Pacific from August 27, 1943, to December 5, 1943, when thirty-three islands of the Pacific were surveyed or investigated for the purpose of recommending air base sites of value to the United States for its defense or for the development of post-war civil aviation. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 07918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Confidential Advisor to the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations from March 26, 1942 to May 10, 1942, August 14, 1942 to August 26, 1943, and from December 6, 1943 to October 1, 1945. He was second-in-command to Admiral Richard E. Byrd's first Antarctic expedition of 1929-1930. February 23, 1941. During the summer of 1923, then-Lieutenant Byrd and a group of volunteer Navy veterans of the First World War helped found the Naval Reserve Air Station (NRAS) at Squantum Point near Boston, using an unused First World War seaplane hangar which had remained more-or-less intact after the Victory Destroyer Plant shipyard was built on the site. Foremost among these thinkers, Byrd reflected in 1945: At the moment we do not feel that we need the resources of Antarctica. Marine Biological Data of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955-1958) As the U.S. military expanded its Arctic deterrence efforts, members of the Navy and State Department met to discuss strategic aims for Antarctica. Action Date: August 27 December 5, 1943. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field, East Garden City, New York, in the America on June 29, 1927. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. The Atlantic, 15 May; Buchanan E & Burke R (2021) Strategy and Competition at the Ends of the Earth. Putnams Sons. It is also commemorated in a U.S. postage stamp issued at the time, and a considerable amount of mail using it was sent from Byrd's base at Little America. Details about each expedition can be seen (. He is one of only three persons, one being Admiral David Dixon Porter and the other being Arctic explorer Donald Baxter MacMillan, to have been promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy without having first held the rank of captain. In terms of criminal law, the laws that apply to the Jervis Bay Territory (which follows the laws of the Australian Capital Territory) apply to the Australian Antarctic Territory. Today we could make our holding or rights to them secure at little cost. As a token of his gratitude, Byrd named geographic features in the Antarctic after his supporters. Though the successful tests of submarine-launched, nuclear-equipped Polaris missiles and development of intercontinental long-range ballistic missiles in the 1960s reduced fears of a Soviet invasion across the Arctic ice, for a brief period in the early Cold War, the U.S. Navy made a concerted effort to push the envelope of polar exploration and prepare itself for such military eventualities. Military and civilian scientific collaboration characterized Americas polar initiatives in the 1950s. On February 15, in the incident on Deception Island, 32 royal marines landed from the British frigate HMS Snipe armed with Sten machine guns, rifles, and tear gas capturing the two Argentine sailors. Byrd, by then an internationally recognized, pioneering American polar explorer and aviator, served for a time as Honorary National President (19311935) of Pi Gamma Mu, the international honor society in the social sciences. [47], Byrd was an active Freemason. Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen, co-pilot/radioman Harold June, and photographer Ashley McKinley, flew the Floyd Bennett to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. His subsequent involvement in shaping Arctic security policy by advocating for government-sponsored Antarctic research expeditions attests to the interwoven nature of both poles. He rendered valuable service as Secretary and Organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps, and trained men in aviation in the ground school in Pensacola, and in charge of rescue parties and afterwards in charge of air forces in Canada. Group from one of Admiral Richard Byrd's Antarctic expeditions poses with a whale rib on one of the islands in the Melchior group. His next assignment was to the gunboat USS Dolphin, which also served as the yacht of the Secretary of the Navy. Indeed, the amount at stake for the United States, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark, Russia, and now China at the earths northern pole has led to a steady escalation of force one pundit dubbed the new Arctic great game.2)Osborn A (2018) Putins Russia in Biggest Arctic Military Push Since Soviet Fall. Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. [7], Some incidents had occurred during the Second World War, and a new one occurred in Hope Bay on February 1, 1952, when the Argentine military fired warning shots at a group of Britons. In the wake of Stalins death in 1953, the resolution of the Korean War, the unification of Soviet-bloc countries in the Warsaw Pact, and West Germanys admittance into NATO came to demand the attention of civilian and military officials. Journal of Historical Geography 44:68. However, the treaty does not restrict tourists and researchers from visiting the place for exploration and research. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded." Photographic expeditions and geological surveys were undertaken for the duration of that summer, and constant radio communications were maintained with the outside world. As the United States assumed an increasingly inimical posture towards the Soviet Union after World War II, polar experts like renowned naval pilot and polar explorer Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd made American policymakers aware of the pitfalls of ignoring Arctic and Antarctic interests in the nations long-term planning. This hazardous flight was made under extreme conditions of cold, over ranges and plateaus extending nine to ten thousand feet above sea level and beyond probable rescue of personnel had a forced landing occurred. Military-funded collegiate programs furnished solutions to challenges in transpolar Arctic warfare. He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War. The Argentine refuge and a nearby uninhabited Chilean shelter were destroyed, and the Argentine sailors were delivered to a ship from that country on February 18 near South Georgia. Collis C & Dodds K (2008) Assault on the Unknown: The Historical and Political Geographies of International Geophysical Year (19578). The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. This idea was rejected by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, and Norway. Though the 1867 purchase of Alaskan territory from Russia jump-started the United States strategic interest in the Arctic, the earliest American expeditions north of Canada and Siberia never resulted in territorial claims. In fact he referred to Antarctica as the great white continent of peace. Prior to autopsy, the death was attributed to natural causes by the National Science Foundation and the contractor administering the base. 51 of 1997. Indias G20 Presidency: Opportunity to Resume Engagement in the Arctic, The Arctic This Week Take Five: Week of 20 February, 2023, Not so Poles Apart: The Arctic and the Third Pole in Asia, Putins Russia in Biggest Arctic Military Push Since Soviet Fall, Russia, the United States, and Churning Arctic Geopolitics, Russia and the Arctic Council in 2021: A New Security Dilemma, The Countries Taking Advantage of Antarctica During the Pandemic, Strategy and Competition at the Ends of the Earth. The signing of the treaty was the first arms control agreement that occurred in the framework of the Cold War, and the participating countries managed to avoid the internationalization of Antarctic sovereignty. Convinced civilian policymakers were failing to grasp the security implications of such an expedition, Russias successful detonation of its own atomic bomb during the prospective operations review only sharpened Byrds claim for the need of a more proactive polar national security policy.23)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008) Explorer, 43132. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 07918), United States Navy, for extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight; in recognition of his courage, resourcefulness and skill as Commander of the expedition which flew the airplane "America" from New York City to France from June 29 to July 1, 1927, across the Atlantic Ocean under extremely adverse weather conditions which made a landing in Paris impossible; and finally for his discernment and courage in directing his plane to a landing at Ver sur Mer, France, without serious injury to his personnel, after a flight of 39 hours and 56 minutes. From 1942 to 1945 he served on the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board, which toured bases in the South Pacific in May and June 1942. Before the rejection, on August 28, 1948, the United States proposed to the claimant countries some form of internationalization of Antarctica, and this was supported by the United Kingdom. The Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959 protects the fragile environment of Antarctica by setting aside the region as a military-free zone and free from any international disputes.

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