The deception explanation should often be considered, but it is subject to the same high standards that apply to any other explanatory argument. This interpretation of the saying is unfalsifiable and can receive no logical support from the nature of ones experience. It makes no statement with respect to causation. 1 Definitions In this instrument: chronic renal failure means: (a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for a period of at least 3 months; or (b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate When they were retested several months later, however, this time with a genuine intelligence test, those falsely identified spurters did, indeed, show a significant improvement over their fellow students. a person's unconscious. Also termed a theory or an explanatory hypothesis. c. undesirable B. Scott Jones, a staff member for U.S. The opposition has annoyed them. An experiment that makes it possible to determine decisively between alternative hypotheses. The researchers also monitored a drought that killed off 85 percent of the finches on an island one year. . WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Healthy elderly people who rated their health as poor were two to six times more likely to die within the next four years than those who said their health was excellent. Bottom Line, citing the work of Professor Ellen Idler of Rutgers University. If you are like most people you suggest, Eight is in the set. And my reply is that yes, 8 is included, because I am thinking of the set of all whole numbers. Resistance is the mechanism by which we refuse to allow these repressed memories to be brought back to the surface. d. a and b. e. a and c. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? It is not offered as a reason to believe that the water boiled quickly. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. a. ], [1001]\begin{bmatrix} OK, so shes not admitting to anything, but the next day when I went to get the pipe, it wasnt where I had put it! her own conscious experience. Senator Claiborne Pell (D-RI), wrote an alarmed letter to the secretary of defense; he had discovered the word simone (pronounced si-MO-nee) in the secretarys taped speeches, as well as in the speeches of the secretary of state and of the presidentwhen the speeches were played backwards. The null hypothesis was a better fit to your data. c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. Sample answer. unintentional aggression. More subtle examples are easy to find. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it has been observed. e. neglectful. And, though you may not find the ifthen premise, there are two things you can always expect to find if the argument is explanatory: reference to the explanation, often with a discussion of why it is better than alternative explanations; and reference to the observable outcome, often with a discussion of how unlikely that outcome would otherwise Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. e. none of the above, b. behavior directed toward the goal of harming a person who is motivated to avoid such treatment, Smith's research concerning violence in hockey showed that Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? Pity, the evidence went up in smoke. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. That smacked of the sea. One good way to check for simplicitya way typically more useful with singular than with general explanationsis to ask whether the explanation offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. Explanations, to recall Chapter 2, are not necessarily arguments. 1. I instinctively jumped to the teases defense. Two ways of distinguishing themaccording to chronology and to generalitycan be especially helpful. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. Statistics are used by scientists mainly to determine: Whether differences in results between control and treatment groups is significant and important. A deductive process based on testable and measurable events. He had a military carriage, however, and regulation side-whiskers. Which of the following have shown the strongest relationship? The MIU supplier of concrete had required MIU to give one days notice of the need for concrete, but never agreed to provide it for the next day until first referring to the National Weather Service. If hes her father, then he will go to great lengths to take care of her. Write a paragraph about the 1760 s in the American colonies in which you use these vocabulary words: Why did Austria-Hungary object to Serbia's desire to establish an independent state? In this statement Stern clearly indicated that _________ morality would not be accepted or tolerated. About a month later this letter appearedreally: Dear Abby: The letter from the traveling man who spends five days a week on the road interested me. Clearly, the plumber explanation has a much lower prior probability than does the affair explanation. d. a and b. e. a and c. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. a. parents They got pregnant shortly thereafter and concluded (and counseled their friends) that thinking too much about it was itself responsible for their failure to conceive. If this turns out to be true, it provides much better support for the explanation since it rules out the gravity alternative. This is further proof that aliens from outer space have visited us. (It is called double blind because neither those receiving the pills nor those administering the study knows which group is getting the real Vitamin C and which is getting the bogus Vitamin C.) By using large groups, the coincidence alternative is ruled out. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, but exactly how does that connect with the bodys immunity to the cold virus?). Relatives gather close to the victim, wailing, chanting, and covering the victim with a funeral cloth. \, 4,83,169,3227,-4,-\frac{8}{3},-\frac{16}{9},-\frac{32}{27}, \ldots But it turned out that concrete was available only when mild weather had been predicted. Why does the speaker emphasize silence? Science85. An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? Ideally, the explanation contains a cohesive and cogent understanding of the origins of the problems, the conditions that perpetuate them, the obstacles interfering with their solution, and the resources available to address them. The logic of the argument is accordingly weak. Unlike the case of Halleys comet, the observable outcomesa blue anchor on his hand, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, an air of commandare where the reasoning begins. Scientists rejected Newton, they rejected continental drift, they rejected meteorites, and they were wrong! Answer: 16: If vitamin C helps prevent colds, then when I take a lot of vitamin C I get fewer colds than normal. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. sentence with an appropriate personal pronoun. Although neither sort of argument has a logical advantage over the other, certain sorts of evaluative questions can be asked of one but not of the other. Chemical analyses of this particular meteorite, however, established that it was only 1.3 billion years old and made of cooled lava. What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research? And what is the prior probability of the skill explanation? An experimental design in which the subjects do not know what treatment (if any) they are receiving. (If necessary, review Section 4.4.4.4.4.4.) My wife claims she doesnt know what happened to it. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed. a. One test is to ask whether it offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. Which of the following statements is true of an explanatory The sentence A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758 is the observable outcome, that which the explanation enables us to predict and to better understand. 1 Definitions In this instrument: chronic renal failure means: (a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for a period of at least 3 months; or (b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate But when praised for a good landing, the student usually followed with a poorer landing. For example, we can ask about the frequency of singular explanationshow frequently butlers leave their fingerprints on candlesticks or how frequently marines have tattoosbut it isnt helpful, probably not even meaningful, to ask about the frequency with which Newtonian mechanics is true. d. fans become more aggressive under the influence of alcohol I have a pretty young wife (my second) whom Ive always trusted until last Friday night when I came home, put on my bathrobe and found a well-used pipe in the pocket! In which of the following situations is aggression likely to occur? Those desperate to discredit a good explanatory argument might misuse this guideline. The fact remains that she tossed heads, on demand, five times in a row, but you now realize that coincidence is at least as good an explanation as talentafter all, how many people can actually toss heads whenever they want?and you are likely to lose interest. My wife calls mePapa Bear. My iPhone will run out of power within the next 12 hours. No one can even begin to provide an account of the conceptual framework, of the causal mechanisms, that would make sense of it. Webe. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. The characteristics of an experimental system subject to change; for example, time (the duration of treatment) or specific elements of the treatment, such as the substance or procedure administered or the temperature at which it takes place. Aha! you say, Someone is casing the joint and now knows not to burglarize us, since someone answered the phone! This explanation is the sort of thing that is known to happenburglars do sometimes call ahead to see if anyone is homeso it is not implausibly low. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. What distinction (if any) is there between a scientific theory and a conceptual one that might lead you to disagree with this argument? There are a few money managers who succeed on the basis of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the most famous example. The probability of the explanation is not implausibly low. Want to create or adapt books like this? Suppose Halley had decided to look for confirmation of Newtons celestial mechanics by studying the sun rather than comets and, based on Newton, had confidently predicted that the sun would rise the next day. causation. A medical student has been reading intensively about various diseases of the nervous system. Normally scientists can trace meteorites back to comets and asteroids, debris left over from the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. Explanation: Simone is a code word. Aggression has been defined as which of the following? These crops are laid down in these sensational patterns by an energy that is of a high level of intelligence. 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