Engineering #11457. NAIROBI, Kenya -- Ethiopia's federal police said Thursday that its members have entered the Tigray region's capital Mekele for the first time in more than a year . Dilip K. Das and Michael Palmiotto (eds. Since the beginning of the conflict, ENDF personnel has been accused of involvement in alleged war crimes against civilians in the Tigray Region. [18], Ethiopia bought twenty AH-IV tankettes from Czechoslovakia in the late 1940s. Further information: Politics of Ethiopia, Government of Ethiopia, and Corruption in Ethiopia. In previous years, the police reported to the Security, Immigration, and Refugees Affairs Authority, a unit of the Ethiopian Ministry of Justice.[10]. The Third Revolutionary Army's 603rd and 604th Corps were to play the main role, while the 605th Corps secured the rear, in Wello. 0000014262 00000 n The law is above . please click the contact button to email or phone us. Emperor Haile Selassie divided the Ethiopian military into separate commands. Ethiopia's patriots managed to resist and defeat the fascist Italian force after the 1941 East African Campaign of World War II with the help of British, South African and Nigerian forces. These have included Ivory Coast,[66][67] on the Burundi border,[66][68] and in Rwanda. Share Ethiopian Police Reject . This entry last reviewed on 01/05/2023. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. The role and status of special police forces in Ethiopia remain contested. You see remarkable expediency in all the actions and skills of this army, and each soldier has an amazingly intelligent attitude toward managing the mission of the battle. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_rankings_of_Ethiopia&oldid=1137112509, This page was last edited on 2 February 2023, at 21:41. Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia in 2006 on the pretext of security concerns over Ogaden. Its stated duties are the enforcement of laws and safeguarding constitutional guarantees, the prevention, detection and investigation of crime, the coordination of national state police commissions and development of national policing standards. [72] It celebrates the establishment, on 14 February 1996, of the military.[73]. Government agencies for criminal activities in Ethiopia, Central Revolutionary Investigation Department, "Public Order and Internal Security: The National Police", "Ethiopia: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices", "Modernising Internal Security in Ethiopia", Ethiopian Federal Police Proclamation No. Ethiopia has served in various United Nations and African Union peacekeeping missions. For every Abyssinian, war is normal business, and military skills and rules of army life in the field enter in the flesh and blood of each of them, just as do the main principles of tactics. This is the average monthly salary including housing, transport, and other benefits. NCOs, and junior officers up to the rank of major. . Welcome to Ethiopian Police University Website! Salaries vary drastically between different Teaching / Education careers. This seminar considers whether these special forces are legal in terms of the constitution, and the extent to which . Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing; the difference is usually in the organization of the killing. Tedla Ugbit who supported the Pro-Ethiopian polices that led to Annexation, and his deputy, Goitom Gebrezghi, police Commander of Asmara, was instrumental in suppressing the 1958 General Strike.During the general strike and demonstrations of 1958 the British consul noted that the majority were Christian and that UP members were "mostly very anti-Ethiopia ( Pool, 2001:53). 0000021574 00000 n He created an Imperial Bodyguard, the Kebur Zabagna, in 1917 from the earlier Mahal Safari who had traditionally attended the Ethiopian Emperor. Ethiopian Police University (EPU) is an education institute to provide various short-term, diploma and undergraduate and graduate program in policing and related fields to improve police services. According to Bahru Zewde, "senior officers were deemed too compromised by close . Engineers, and Signal Corps; the Territorial Army (5,000 men); and the police (28,000 men). 0000004269 00000 n xref Ranks and conventional units were only adopted in 1996. Secondly, the Ethiopian army was based on a feudal system of organization, and as a result, nearly the entire army was a peasant militia. . Small arms usually were kept in designated armouries and were issued for specific duties. According to the Ethiopian Federal Police Commission Establishment Proclamation No. Ethiopia was invaded and occupied by Italy during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia of 193536, marked for Ethiopia's first time being occupied by a foreign power. Ethiopia's government on Tuesday, Nov. 2, 2021 declared a national state of emergency as rival Tigray forces . - ~.~~.). %PDF-1.4 % [1] On 8 January 2022, the rank of field marshal general was awarded for the first time to Birhanu Jula. The Tekil (or Tekel) Brigade was stationed in Stanleyville. Following the war's end, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body founded by the UN, established that the Badme region had in fact belonged to Eritrea. [16] By the time of the Italian invasion of 1935, the air force had four pilots and thirteen aircraft. During Emperor Haile Selassie and Dergue regimes, there were mainly three levels. In 1916 the imperial government formed a civilian municipal guard in Addis Ababa to ensure obedience to legal proclamations. [25] The three divisions seemingly included the Third Division in the Ogaden, seen as a hardship post. 0000026220 00000 n Police ranks are a system of hierarchical relationships in police organizations. In: Accord Occasional Paper Series. In 1960 the U.S. Army Area Handbook for Ethiopia described the very personalized command arrangements then used by the Emperor:[24], The Emperor is by constitutional provision Commander-in-Chief, and to him are reserved all rights respecting the size of the forces and their organization and command, together with the power to appoint, promote, transfer and dismiss military officers. Ethiopia contributed troops for the United Nations operation in the Congo the United Nations Operation in the Congo - from July 1960. [11], The Ethiopian Federal Police is in charge of riot control. For 2023, Ethiopia is ranked 49 of 145 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. This activity is dealt with by the Riot Control Department, which is part of the Crime Prevention Main Department. 0000009450 00000 n Basha/Bacha: This rank is considered as the commander of a rifle corps. Criminals and Crime in Ethiopia. [4], Local control over police was minimal,[clarification needed] despite imperial proclamations that granted police authority to governors general of the provinces. 0000097215 00000 n While Ethiopia is a landlocked country, it is in the process of reestablishing a Blue-water navy. The Ethiopian Police, operate with instructions from the central government. Then in 1946 the authorities opened the Ethiopian Police College at Sendafa. Resembling paramilitary forces, the regional special police units are well armed and receive . Gabre Heard commanded the forces in Somalia. The Ethiopian Police University College Formerly Called Aba Dina Police College is a public institution of higher education in Ethiopia dedicated to training police officers. In May 1959, the Emperor established the Imperial Territorial Army as a reserve force that provided military training to civil servants. *PwrIndx: Each nation is assessed on individual and collective values processed through an . Community Engagement and Research. YHA [4], The Marxist regime stressed that the mission of the national police was essentially politicalmore involved with suppressing political dissent as the local law enforcement role shifted to People's Protection Brigades. If you use our chart images on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page. . Ethiopian Police Clearance Certification System Using Face Biometrics. General, while 3 Brg. ", "Massacres in Bora Selewa and Debre Abay", Ethiopias leader says atrocities reported in Tigray war, Le atrocit commesse dai soldati amhara in Tigray, "Ethiopian army eager to learn from U.S. soldiers", "Ethiopian peacekeeping missions in Burundi", "Ethiopian troops awarded UN peacekeeping medals", "More Ethiopian troops arrive in Darfur bolstering peacekeeping operation", "Ethiopia celebrated 7th National Defense Day", "RDF Joins Ethiopia For Defence Day Celebration", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force&oldid=1135072983, First Revolutionary Army (headquartered at, Second Revolutionary Army (headquartered at, Third Revolutionary Army (headquartered at, Fourth Revolutionary Army (headquartered at, Fifth Revolutionary Army (headquartered at, Adejumobi and Binega, Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa, Ch. ;JILnl . The protest comes after the police shot dead 24-year-old Ethiopian man Yehuda Biadga in the Israeli city of Bat Yam earlier in January, an incident described by the police as 'a life-threatening situation' after Biadga ran toward officers with a knife. Ethiopia reacquired a coastline on the Red Sea in 1950 and created the Ethiopian Navy in 1955. The Ethiopian president who attended the graduation ceremony as a guest and gave career advice. After the defeat of the military government, the provisional government disbanded the former national army and relied on its own guerrilla fighters. In the months following its founding, the power of the Derg steadily increased. It maintained Ethiopia's existence as an independent state. 720/2011, the ranks of police officers are the following from lowest to highest: ADDRESS: Russia St, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Free (0 NGN)Basic (1000.00 NGN)Standard (2000.00 NGN)Platinum (4000.00 NGN)Gold (5000.00 NGN), The 11 nominees are led by the Portuguese's stunning effort for Real Madrid against Juventus, with no room for an e, Marko Naletilic has insisted the midfielder would relish the opportunity to play for the San Siro outfit as specula, Two people have been injured and a man has been arrested after a car crashed into security barriers outside parliam, The former Gunners captain says the class of 2018-19 are "nowhere near" a title challenge, with nothing having chan. During recent years, Ethiopia was ranked between the second and third as the most powerful military in Africa. Over the course of four months, I watched this army closely. Each Riot Division has three battalions with each battalion having about 400 men. At the same time, new ranks were introduced to the ENDF. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire adopted from different studies after getting consent from the study participants. Like everything else concocted by the late criminal the Federal Police is a uniquely Ethiopian force supposedly created to resemble other Federal institutions in the developed West. This process entailed the creation of a new professional army and officer class and the demobilization of many of the irregulars who had fought against the military government. I will not begin to guess the future and will say only this. Whereas police rank, history of first degree relative who suffered from diabetes, hypertension and waist hip ratio showed a statistical significance with . [40] By the beginning of 1981 recruitment for the 21st and 22nd Mountain Infantry Divisions was underway; soon afterward, preparations for the large Operation Red Star were stepping up. [14] Prisoners often had less than 22 square feet (2.0m2) of sleeping space in a room that could contain up to 200 persons; sleeping in rotations was not uncommon in regional prisons.[2]. [30] This volunteer battalion from the Imperial Bodyguard were authorized by the Emperor. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [69] In November 2007, nearly 1,800 Ethiopian troops serving with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) were presented with UN Peacekeeping medals for their "invaluable contribution to the peace process. [4], In 1977 the national police were re-organized, and a politically reliable commissioner put in command. Under this proclamation, the national and regional states were vested with the power of establishing their own police forces. World Rank. The general public despised the municipal guard, nearly all of whose members were inefficient at preserving public order or investigating criminal activities.[4]. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 18951896", "U.S. Forces/Allies in the Korean War: Factsheet", Solomon Addis Getahun, Ethiopia in the New Millennium: Issues of Democratic Governance, "Questions Relating to the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (LEOPOLDVILLE)", "The Congo Crisis | The Ethiopian Soldier", http://ethioembassyuganda.org/democratic-republic-of-congo-unveils-its-keenness-to-strengthen-its-wide-ranging-relations-with-ethiopia/, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, "U.S. trainers prepare Ethiopians to fight", "Hiiraan Online: Somali war expertise and superior combat kits to boost anti-terror campaign", "Somalia: Ethiopia Decides to Join Amisom Force in Somalia", "A graphic footage of the Debre Abay massacre: What do we know about it? CIA. At 1,126,829 square kilometres (435,071sqmi),[2] Ethiopia is the world's 27th-largest country. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. The study covered 408 health professionals of all categories working in the different police health facilities found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during the study period. World Rank. Ethiopia is leading the economic growth in one of the most exciting continents in the world. The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1509, of 19 September 2003, to support the implementation of the ceasefire agreement and the peace process, protect United Nations staff, facilities and civilians, support humanitarian and human rights activities; as well as assist in national security reform, including national police training and formation of a new, restructured military. Matriel used by paramilitary units included heavy machine guns, submachine guns, automatic rifles, side arms, mortars, grenades, tear gas, light armoured vehicles, and other equipment adaptable to riot control and counterinsurgency operations. Law enforcement in Ethiopia is dealt with by the Ethiopian Federal Police at federal level and by regional police commissions in the Regions of Ethiopia. Mengistu also created the army's new Eighth Division from police commando units. On October 18, 2006 an independent report said Ethiopian police massacred 193 protesters, mostly in the capital Addis Ababa, in the violence of June and November following the May 2005 elections. Eritrean independence in 1991 left Ethiopia landlocked again, but the Ethiopian Navy continued to operate from foreign ports until it finally was disbanded in 1996. Recently, though Ethiopia has dropped to the 7th rank according to Global Fire Power. 0000098650 00000 n [64] Ethiopia has several defense industrial organizations that produce and overhaul different weapons systems. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia remained the only nation that had not been colonized by European colonial powers, due in part to their defeat of Italy in the First Italo-Ethiopian War. In 1579, the Ottoman Empire's attempt to expand from a coastal base at Massawa during the Ottoman conquest of Habesh was defeated. Training standards were not uniform, and, unless it took place in Addis Ababa, in-service or specialized training was limited. 207/2000, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1095689896, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015, Articles with dead external links from February 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. trailer 1 Ethiopian Police University College, Police Health Professionals Training Institute, Addis Ababa . Ethiopia Military Strength. The Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) was established in 1995 to serve the public, to ensure the observation of human and democratic rights and to maintain the safety and welfare of the public. The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel. The former allies EPRDF and PFDJ (former EPLF) led their countries Ethiopia and Eritrea, respectively, into the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998. [7] Clapham wrote in the 1980s that the "Abyssinians [had suffered] from a 'superiority complex' which may be traced to Gundet, Gura and Adwa". Last month, the Ethiopian military intensified airstrikes on Mekelle and other cities in Tigray, in an attempt to target them at the source of their alleged bases. Memo: Meritorious Unit Commendation for 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry, 2d Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (LI), Fort Drum, NY 13602, from 2nd Brigade, 10th MD(LI), 21 January 2004, downloaded from Internet and accessed mid-September 2007. World Rank. However, that number was later reduced, and in January 2007, during the War in Somalia, Ethiopian forces were said to comprise about 300,000 troops. 0000015840 00000 n [31] He then became chairman of the Derg from September to December 1974. However, many Tigrayan officers remained in command positions. Assistant police commissioners in each of the fourteen provinces worked in conjunction with the governors general, but for the most part Addis Ababa directed administration. Training was designed to allow police stationed in remote areas to be self-sufficient in building and maintaining their posts. Earlier that year, prison populations decreased by 10,000 due to pardons but reportedly again increased due to increases in ethnic conflict and economic crimes. 0000001456 00000 n Ethiopia stands 94/185 economies on the ease of getting electricity. Federal Research Division. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. 0000014589 00000 n Companies face thirty tax payments . e `Q $9-9%9-9%$qJYP2. Corruption Rank in Ethiopia averaged 106.77 from 2000 until 2022, reaching an all time high of 138.00 in 2007 and a record low of 59.00 in 2002. Although there is no compulsory military service, armed forces may conduct call-ups when necessary and compliance is compulsory.[65]. 0000000016 00000 n This page provides the latest reported value for - Ethiopia Corruption Rank - plus previous . [1] At the supreme level, the Federal Police Commissioner is assisted by the Council of Commissioners and directly controls three services and two offices: the Legal Service, the Ethics and Anti Corruption Services, the Public Relation Services, the Office of Commissioner and the Addis Ababa, Diredawa & Regional coordination office. 5) "Promotion in Rank" means promoting a member of the police from the rank he has held to the next higher rank. 0000017449 00000 n [4], In January 1992, a "Charter of National and Regional States" proclamation No. 0000097385 00000 n In the place of the previous commands, thirteen corps were established instead, distributed amongst the army headquarters. 0000022613 00000 n [43] Thus Operation Adwa was devised to seize the main TPLF base at Adi Ramets in Gondar Province. The information was leaked before the official independent report was handed to . [4], The Addis Ababa police, by contrast, were organized into uniformed, detective, and traffic units; a riot squad, or "flying column"; and a police laboratoryorganizational refinements not found in regional police units. The restoration of relations with Somalia meant that forces could be transferred from the First Revolutionary Army in the Ogaden, to the Second and Third Revolutionary Armies, the Third (TRA) being responsible for the provinces of Assab, Tigray, Wello, Gondar, and Gojjam. The Deputy Commissioner depends on the Federal Police Commissioner and handles the main operational Main Departments: Crime Forensic investigation, Crime Prevention and Support Service Main Departments. The EFP also has to provide operational support to regional police commissions. [57], On 8 November 2020, ENDF troops backed by militias from the Amhara and the Eritrean Defence Forces regions were deployed to the Tigray Region in response to a coordinated 'preemptive strike' by TPLF against the Northern Command of ENDF. Ethiopian military aviation efforts were initiated in 1929 when Tafari Mekonnen hired two French pilots and purchased four French biplanes. 0000004428 00000 n The U.S. Department of State states that its contacts within the Ethiopian government report that the findings of investigations into abuses by local security forces, such as arbitrary detentions and beatings of civilians, are rarely made public. 86/2003). [33], The Derg, which originally consisted of soldiers at the capital, broadened its membership by including representatives from the 40 units of the Ethiopian Army, Air Force, Navy, Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard), Territorial Army and Police: each unit was expected to send three representatives, who were supposed to be privates, NCOs, and junior officers up to the rank of major. Ethiopia Crime Rate & Statistics 2012-2023, Ethiopia crime rate & statistics for 2012 was, Ethiopia crime rate & statistics for was. The Territorial Army's provincial units, commanded by the governor general and consisting of an unpaid civilian auxiliary, assisted the national police force in areas where police were scarce. The Asmera police voluntarily stayed at their posts for some time after their dismissal to protect civilians from attack by unruly soldiers. A security committee formulated policy, which then was implemented by the Ministry of Interior. See Gebru Tareke, The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited. [36] Mengistu's People's Militia had also grown to about 200,000 members. (b. November 19, 2020 (Ezega.com) -- The Ethiopian Federal Police have issued arrest warrants for another 76 army generals and military officers for alleged treason by working with the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF). 0000002365 00000 n The army assumed a larger role in criminal investigation and in maintaining public order. Generals became Major Generals. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. In 2002 the Ethiopian Defense Forces had a strength of approximately 250,000-350,000 troops. The Security Council authorized a force of about 26,000 uniformed personnel. In 1946 the authorities opened the Ethiopian Police College at Sendafa. [4], As a rule, police in constabulary units were armed only with batons. Libya 80/138. [19], In keeping with the principle of collective security, for which Haile Selassie was an outspoken proponent, Ethiopia sent a contingent under General Mulugeta Buli, known as the Kagnew Battalion, to take part in the Korean War. / Security Sector Reform in Africa. With significant Soviet assistance, after that point the army's size grew rapidly; in 1979 it was estimated at 65,000. [8], Following the order of the emperor of Ethiopia, Nikolay Leontiev directly organized the first battalion of the regular Ethiopian army in February 1899. If you use our datasets on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page. Ethiopia allowed the US to station military advisors at Camp Hurso. The air force and the naval organizations are also a significant part of Ethiopia military . History #13476. Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, 2006, 148. [71] The Darfur mission was shut down in 202021. 0000002816 00000 n [63] In 2012, the IISS estimated that the ground forces had 135,000 personnel and the air force 3,000. 0000008366 00000 n Ethiopia ranks 163/185 economies on the ease of starting a business, dealing with construction permits there requires 9 procedures, takes 128 days and costs 275.6% of income per capita. About Us . We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your data export is now complete. The Riot Control Department, in turn, is subdivided into 5 Riot Divisions (the operational arm), and into three auxiliary Divisions: Support Division, Information and Intelligence Division and Training and Appointment Division. Czechoslovak Armored Fighting Vehicles. An Ethiopian officer commands the force. Its stated duties are the enforcement of laws and safeguarding constitutional guarantees, the prevention, detection and investigation of crime, the coordination of national state police commissions and development of national policing standards. Instead, they began to draw their equipment and their sources for organizational and training methods from the Soviet Union and other Comecon countries, especially Cuba. hb```b``e`c`fd@ A; a:L-=1 b|{vb@%.9u_s'`J%Y@:z:'ubCUW6>)@9^qp}]'SX*^.K/[do>97rV ]?js{rl]L6% [6] These promising beginnings were snuffed out with Ethiopia's defeat in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. It is celebrated for four days. The Deputy Commissioner also commands the Ethics police college, the Human Resources and Administration and the Research and Planning departments. Transparency International's 2014 Corruption Perception Index ranks Ethiopia 110th out of 176 countries (rank 176 is the . Mengistu described the police mission as contributing to the "intensification of the class struggle". The Ethiopian National Defense Force . Law enforcement in Ethiopia is dealt with by the Ethiopian Federal Police at federal level and by regional police commissions in the Regions of Ethiopia. The UN and . 0000013031 00000 n The University has also certified students with master's degree for the . [64], As of 2012, the ENDF consists of two separate branches: the Ground Forces and the Ethiopian Air Force. At present, the hierarchical structure is almost the same except for the difference in title designation. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. The nation holds a PwrIndx* score of 0.7979 (a score of 0.0000 is considered 'perfect'). Its elite was trained at the French military academy at Saint-Cyr or by Belgian military advisers. The Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) (Amharic: , romanized:Yefdr mekelakeya erawt, lit. Severe overcrowding was a problem. [1] The rank system defines authority and responsibility in a police organization,[2] and affects the culture within the police force. Advertisement. Law enforcement in Ethiopia is dealt with by the Ethiopian Federal Police at federal level and by regional police commissions in the Regions of Ethiopia. The federal government controls the Ethiopian Federal Police and the military. To these armies were assigned the operational forces of the army, comprising: Ethiopian soldiers have also committed many atrocities in the region of Tigray. w^%Q)v+>ahX|/qwE Backlinks from other websites and blogs are the lifeblood of our site and are our primary source of new traffic. [60], The Italian weekly magazine Panorama published a graphic video in which Amharic-speaking ENDF soldiers killed a group of 9 people in Humera in August 2021 and then put their bodies on fire. The public execution of Amanuel Wondimu Kebede . Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide, whereas killing in armed conflict is usually committed by fairly cohesive groups of up to several hundred members and is thus usually excluded. [6] The Army of the Ethiopian Empire was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at Gura, led by Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV. "[14], In obedience to the agreement with Russia and the order of Menelik II, First Ethiopian officers began to be trained at the First Russian cadet school in 1901. On the march, each soldier knows how to arrange necessary comforts for himself and to conserve his strength; but on the other hand, when necessary, he shows such endurance and is capable of action in conditions which are difficult even to imagine. 0 P U . The Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) was established in 1995 to serve the public, to ensure the observation of human and democratic rights and to maintain the safety and welfare of the public. 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Were kept in designated armouries and were issued for specific duties further information: of. Junior officers up to the `` intensification of the class struggle '' transparency International & # x27 s. January 1992, a `` Charter of national ethiopian police rank regional states '' proclamation No 1979 it was estimated at.. Shut down in 202021 Czechoslovakia in the late 1940s during the Ottoman 's... And status of special police forces in Ethiopia remain contested and regional states were vested the! To provide operational support to regional police commissions is considered as the most continents... Of about 26,000 uniformed personnel was leaked before the official independent report was handed to instructions the... And status of special police forces battalion having about 400 men data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire! Also commands the Ethics police College at Sendafa Nations Operation in the world Fire power getting consent from study! 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