[53] The word dauphin is French for dolphin, a term associated with princely royalty. [1] The paintings now hang in the Louvre in Paris. [11] Furthermore, unlike her husband, Marie's life was neither graced with triumphant victories nor punctuated by vanquished foes. Shed waited a long time to find her equalbut this wasnt the fairy tale it sounds like. Another bone of contention concerned the proper maintenance of Marie's household as Queen of France: despite the enormous dowry she brought to the marriage, her husband often refused her the money necessary to pay all the expenses that she intended to carry out to show everyone her royal rank. The Henry cycle called for twenty-four monumental scenes of Henry's life depicting "the encounters he was engaged in, his combats, conquests, and sieges of towns with the Triumphs of said victories. In a patriarchal society, that would not be wise of the young monarch to give up her political power. Oh, you want more bedroom dysfunction? People in the know also claimed that he was deeply in debt to the House of Medici in particular, and marrying into the family would turn his ledger into a blank slate. Stirring up xenophobic passion, the nobility designated the Italian immigrants favored by Marie as responsible for all the wrongs of the kingdom. We Medici always have.. Marie, meanwhile, basked in the glow of success and looked forward to an official coronation now that she had done her duty. In Rubens's painting, Minerva, Prudence, Divine Providence and France; in the Caravaggio, St Dominic, St Peter the Martyr, and a pair of Dominican friars. In the work, Truth gestures toward the Queen while Time looks toward her from below. Okay, now Marie learned her lesson, right? [110] Her larger, less obscured body is turned frontally on the picture plane, which emphasizes her importance. Direct link to Nathan Krueger's post I cant seem to find a hig, Posted 6 years ago. WebMarie believed that after bearing a son, she "would begin to be a queen". Rubens wanted it to be at the end of the gallery as a "large and important" piece with an advanced state of execution. One year later (10 April 1578) Grand Duchess Joanna heavily pregnant with her eighth child fell from the stairs in the Grand Ducal Palace in Florence, dying the next day after giving birth to a premature stillborn son. [36] Though Marie was born under the Taurus sign, Sagittarius appears in the painting; it may be seen as a guardian of imperial power. Later interpretations suggested, however, that Rubens used Juno to represent Marie de' Medici's alter ego, or avatar, throughout the cycle. Cranbury, New Jersey: A.S. Barnes and Company, 1968, Saward, Susan. Around 1622, she commissioned the famed artist Peter Paul Rubens to do a 21-piece series of her favorite subjectherself. Seriously girls, this guy? Hymen holds in his left hand a flaming torch, symbolizing the ardor of love, while Cupid extols the virtues of the Medici princess. WebMarie de' Medici wasted the wealth amassed by Henry IV; she never purged herself of the charge of having known of the king's assassination; her intimate was d'pernon, who did not ward off Ravaillac's blow, and who was proved to have known the murderer personally for a long time. Although Catherine's successor Queen Anne Boleyn suffered an infamously dark fate, Aragon's own life was somehow even more tragic. Both figures ignore the King. Francesco I is depicted wearing an ermine-lined mantle with a cross around his neck which represents the Tuscan order of Saint Stephen which his father founded. For her son King Louis XIII, this meddling was the very last straw. WebMarie de' Medici became the second wife to King Henry IV of France in a marriage by proxy on 5 October 1600 by the power invested in her uncle, Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. [34], Early interpretations explained Juno's presence in the scene through her identity as the goddess of childbirth. It was an Oedipal nightmareso is it any wonder Louis bit back? Marie was one smart cookie, though: Not only did none of the conspiracies work, she somehow managed to grasp even more power with each revolt. The ultimate extension of the ruffs, or wide pleated collars, that were so popular among the wealthy in the sixteenth century was the Medici collar. Marie might have been grieving, but she wasnt motherless for long. Related: Wikipedia. Also symbolizing victory is the imperial eagle which can be seen in the distance. [11] Rather, implications of political scandal in her life made any literal depiction of the events far too controversial for Rubens to execute without incurring the disapproval from others in government. Fame carries a trumpet to herald the occasion. Rubens has again, turned something ordinary into something of unprecedented magnificence. Yeah, the Karen vibes were strong with this one. And thats when it all started to fall apart. In fact, it was around this time she came up with the final, ridiculous scheme of her life. The sixteen paintings that covered the long walls of the gallery measure about four meters tall by three meters wide, the three larger paintings at the end of the room are four meters high by seven meters wide. It was during his time in Italy that he began to make copies of classical sculpture, such as the Laocon Group, and collect drawings done by other artists. Marie subsequently traveled to Cologne, where she took refuge in a house loaned by her friend Pierre-Paul Rubens. The Catholic fanatic Francois Ravaillac assassinated the king. She and Henry IV finally met on 9 December and spent their wedding night together. Above them, two putti brandish hymeneal torches, a small zephyr blows a warm breeze of spring and scatter roses, and a circle of joyous butterfly-winged putti surround Felicitas Publica with the caduceus, who showers the couple with gold from her cornucopia. Although the marriage succeeded in producing children, it was not a happy one. In fact, due to the king's other engagements their introduction was delayed, and it was not until midnight nearly a week after Marie arrived that Henry finally joined his bride. WebAfter 1617, Maria de' Medici lived, with many vicissitudes, a life full of intrigue, which she sometimes carried to conspiracy. To add insult to injury, the whole time Henry had been playing White Knight with Marie and sending her love letters, he had been sending almost the exact same letters to Henriette, saying he wanted to kiss her a million times. It only got more tense from there. [35] Henry's promiscuity made difficult the production of a legitimate heir, and rumors circulated to the extent that Henry's court artists began to employ strategies to convince the country otherwise. The assassination of her husband in 1610, which occurred the day after her coronation, caused her to act as regent for her son, Louis XIII, until 1614, when he officially attained his legal majority, but as the head of the Conseil du Roi, she retained the power.[1]. Eventually, she found a hugely bombastic way to marry her two biggest passions. [24] There is an additional claim that Marie had envisioned these paintings to be studied alternately, left to right, so the thoughtful viewer would have had to crisscross down the gallery. [78] Fame in the right side of the painting pushes air through the trumpet so powerfully that a burst of smoke comes out. Rubens and his times. Marie de' Medici was banished from Paris in 1631 as Cardinal Richelieu gained power over Louis XIII. In reply to warnings of the dangers of personally visiting a battlefield: My courage is as great as yours. [129], The Birth of the Princess, in Florence on 26 April 1573, The Presentation of Her Portrait to Henry IV, The Wedding by Proxy of Maria de Medici to King Henry IV, The Meeting of Marie de Mdicis and Henri IV at Lyon, The Birth of the Dauphin at Fountainbleau, The Death of Henry IV and the Proclamation of the Regency, The Felicity of the Regency of Marie de' Medici, The Reconciliation: of the Queen and her son, Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, The Reconciliation of King Henry III and Henry of Navarre. There was great approval of the match, as the pope and many powerful Florentine nobles had been advocates of the marriage and had worked at convincing the king of the benefits of such a union. Having never been a particularly graceful event for anyone, disembarking a ship does not pose a problem for Rubens in his depiction of Marie de' Medici arriving in Marseilles after having been married to Henry IV by proxy in Florence. The upper part of the canvas is filled with renderings of Marie and her son. [111] Her son who is obscured in part by the Wing of Time, kneels before the queen and presents her with the token of amity, the clasped hands and flaming heart within a laurel crown. Somehow, it only got worse. [6] She was also passionate about jewelry and precious stones. The celebrations were attended by 4,000 guests with lavish entertainment, including examples of the newly invented musical genre of opera, such as Jacopo Peri's Euridice. Except when Richelieu got too powerful, Marie made a huge, panicked mistake. Although, surprisingly, Ruben's version is considered even less remarkable than the models. Minerva, goddess of wisdom, bears her helmet and shield and stands near Marie's shoulder, signifying her wise rule. [42] Acting as more than just static symbols the figures portrayed take an active role in her education. The efficacy of the form is lost in order to ensure Marie's representation in a positive light. However, the Queen Mother was not satisfied and relaunched the war by rallying the great nobles of the Kingdom to her cause ("second war of mother and son"). This orb functions both as an allusion to the Roman orbis terrarum (sphere of earth) which signifies the domain and power of the Roman emperor, and as a subtle assertion of the claim of the French monarchy upon the imperial crown. Those who attended the ceremony for Marie include Grand Duchess Cristina of Tuscany and Marie's sister Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua; and in entourage of Grand Duke are Roger de Bellegarde, Grand Esquire of France, and the Marquis de Sillery, who negotiated the marriage. After the little Dauphin Louis came into the world, Henry ushered hundreds of courtiers into the birthing room to celebrate. WebIf Marie de Medici wasnt the most obedient wife, she wasnt the most caring mother, either. The marriage of Henry IV with Maria de' Medici represented above all, for France, a solution to dynastic and financial concerns: it was said that the French king "owed the bride's father, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had helped support his war effort, a whopping 1,174,000 cus and this was the only means Henry could find to pay back the debt"[8] In addition, the Medici familybanking creditors of the Kings of Francepromised a dowry of 600,000 cus d'or (2 million livres including 1 million paid in cash to cancel the debt contracted by France with the Medici bank),[9] which earned the future Queen the nickname "the big banker" (la grosse banquire) from her jealous rival, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, Henry IV's current matresse-en-titre. Completed in 1625, this is the final painting in the cycle in terms of chronological order of completion. [11] At this time, women did not in general receive such laudatory tributes, although Rubens, if anyone, was well equipped for the job, having a great respect for "the virtues of the opposite sex", as seen in his commissions for the Archduchess Isabella. Although King Louis XIII kept on trouncing his mother and her men on the battlefield in these uprisings, Marie was not a woman to accept defeat. [33] The last panel of the cycle, in accordance with this theme, illustrates Queen Marie rising up to her place as queen of heaven, having achieved her lifelong goal of immortality through eternal fame. Leonora had so much influence over the young girl, Marie often refused to make decisions without her. Louis and his mother were not reconciled for over four years, and finally in 1621 Marie was permitted to return to Paris. For nearly two years, she was a virtual prisoner at the Chateau de Blois, and watched enviously as her son Louis took his rightful throne. Each of the rowers can be identified by the emblematic shields that hang on the side of the ship. [74], The Council of the Gods is one of the least understood paintings of Marie de' Medici cycle. [21] This record of visual history and the influences of his contemporaries, some who became lifelong friends of Rubens, would make an imprint on his art throughout his entire life.[22]. [92] Marie has reigned as regent during her son's youth, and now she has handed the rudder of the ship to Louis, the new king of France. [78] The Queen thrusts her arm high with an assembler's baton in hand. My dear, never give up a crown to anybody. Rule number one in queen school is to respect your crown. Other changes include the removal of the Three Fates, originally positioned behind the king calling him to his destiny, war, and death. Jupiter is meant to be the King's celestial counterpart, while Saturn, who represents finite time, is an indication of the end of Henry's mortal existence. On either side of the fireplace in the gallery are the portraits of the Queen's parents. [85]) These personifications are accompanied in turn by several allegorical figures in the guise of four putti and three vanquished evil creatures (Envy, Ignorance, and Vice)[85] as well as a number of other symbols that Rubens employed throughout the entire cycle of paintings.[86]. Her chaplain Mathieu de Morgues, who remained faithful to Marie in his exile, wrote pamphlets against Richelieu that circulated in France clandestinely. Accordingly, Marie would outright reject suitors in the blink of an eyeuntil, that is, she met her match at last. The Queen accepts an orb, a symbol of government, from the personification of France while the people kneel before her and this scene is a great example of the exaggeration of facts in the cycle. [78] The eagle in the sky compels the weaker birds to flee. [61][62] Also, her pet dogs are placed in the foreground of the painting. Just weeks after Marie gave birth to an heir of France, she received a brutal blow. He barely outlived the mother who had defined him since birth. The House of Medici produced 4 popes Leo X (15131521), Clement VII (15231534), Pius IV (15591565) and Leo XI (1605). Marie was an enormous patron of the arts, and she extended her wealth to a whole host of painters and sculptors throughout her life. Judging by another statement of his on 27 January 1628, he did not engage much in sketching before that date. [2] John Coolidge suggests the cycle may have even been commissioned to rival another famous series of Rubens, The Constantine Tapestries, which he designed in his studio at the same time as the first several paintings of the Medici Cycle. Prudence, the figure to the right of Marie, was stripped of her emblematic snake to lessen the chances any viewer would be reminded of Marie's rumored involvement in the King's assassination. [125], The Triumphal Entry into Paris is the culminating point of the North End of the gallery. She hatched an ingenious and dangerous plan. Factinate is a fact website that is dedicated to finding and sharing fun facts about science, history, animals, films, people, and much more. After her disembarkation, Marie continued her trip, arriving at Lyon on 3 December. Not only did he further establish and publicize his skill, but also the similarities that exist in his later works, such as stylistic components and themes, undeniably reflect the Medici series. The sketch shows Henry of Navarre bowing down in Henry III's presence, which eyewitness accounts confirm was accurate. The mythological figures include Apollo and Pallas, who combat and overcome vices such as Discord, Hate, Fury, and Envy on the ground and Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Hermes, Pan, Flora, Hebe, Pomono, Venus, Mars, Zeus, Hera, Cupid, and Diana above. Were always looking for your input! [32] In Greek and Roman mythology, one Fate spun the thread, another measured its length, and the third cut the thread. Quotes from others about the person "England had rejected her. He creates equality between all of the figures in the painting by cleverly balancing corporeal and ethereal space.[43]. In The Consignment of the Regency, Henry IV entrusts Marie with both the regency of France and the care of the dauphin shortly before his war campaigns and eventual death. The remaining three are portraits of herself and her parents. [15], Rubens's Medici commission was an inspiration for other artists as well, particularly the French painters Jean-Antoine Watteau (16841721) and Franois Boucher (17031770) who produced copies from the Medici cycle. The Queen also surrounded herself with portrait painters, such as Charles Martin and especially the Flemish Frans Pourbus the Younger. WebDespite the challenges of her life as she struggled to regain the power and influence she once had, Marie de Medici lived to hear herself proclaimed mother of three sovereigns, certainly an impressive legacy for the orphaned daughter of the Grandduke of Tuscany. [13] However, the Medici commission was welcomed by Rubens as an opportunity to apply his skills within a secular scene. Household scenes took place, followed by periods of relative peace. Below, Poseidon, three Nereids, a sea-god and Triton rise from the sea, after having escorted the future Queen on the long voyage to procure her safe arrival in Marseilles. If Marie de Medici wasnt the most obedient wife, she wasnt the most caring mother, either. [104] The artist chose the high road, relying on Ripa's visual vernacular, to portray a scene where virtues defeat vices and embrace peaceful reconciliation making little more than an allusion to a vague political statement.[104]. On the left, two putti play with a shield on which the Medici crest appears, suggesting that Heaven favored the young Medici from the moment of her birth. Like. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries iconography of the Christian world, as well as that of the Greek and Roman pantheon was understood by well-educated artists and citizens alike, and a familiar device used in artistry. However, a few weeks later, Henrietta d'Entragues also produced a son, and Henry not only made just as much fuss over this son but declared that he was better-looking, not fat and dark like Louis and the Medici. [66] The right side of the panel shows the succession of the new Queen, dressed in solemn clothing suited to a widow. Her son exiled her when he seized power, Marie having extended her regency beyond his attaining the age of majority. What is also known as a parade boat, Rubens referencing Horace's boat, is adorned with a dragon on front and dolphins on the stern. [39] It can be interpreted that the combined efforts of these divine teachers represent Marie's idyllic preparedness for the responsibilities she will obtain in the future, and the trials and tribulations she will face as Queen. The upper half of the painting shows Marie and Henry as the mythological Roman gods Juno and Jupiter. In 1616, the requirements of the Prince of Cond became so important that Marie had him arrested on 1 September and imprisoned him in the Bastille. [10] Moreover, Maria de' Medici was the granddaughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (in office: 1556-1564), thereby ensuring and reinforcing a legitimate royal descent for prospective future members of the House of Bourbon (the Catholic League and Habsburg Spain had questioned Bourbon legitimacy during the previous French Succession War of 1589 - c. 1593). The ceremony is officiated by Cardinal Joyeuse. Well, Marie wasted no time either. His victorious army rushes in chaotically behind him; horses rearing and riders falling. In one of his letters the artist describes the theme as "so large and magnificent that it would suffice for ten galleries". In June 1642, a bout of pleurisy hit her, and her whole life unraveledliterally. This backfired so, so badly. Her name is Marie de' Medici, daughter of the Grandduke of Tuscany. These ultimately imply that this allegory of Marie de' Medici is an apotheosis. [89], Considering the haste with which Rubens completed this painting, his lack of specific reference to a golden age in his letter, and the existence of several contemporary depictions of Marie as a figure of Justice, most historians are content with the simpler allegorical interpretation which is more consistent both with Rubens's style and the remainder of the cycle.[90]. The marriage contract was signed in Paris in March 1600 and official ceremonies took place in Tuscany and France from October to December of the same year: the marriage by proxy took place at the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (now Florence Cathedral) on 5 October 1600 with Henry IV's favorite the Duc de Bellegarde representing the French sovereign. Famous Quotes Catherines own words are mostly found in her surviving letters. The violence of these images would contrast nicely with the relative peace and regal quality of the scenes in the Marie de' Medici cycle. When Marie first heard that the powerful King Henry IV of France was after her hand in marriage, she was smitten immediately. Marie ultimately decided to withdraw from court. [18] Rubens's studies of classical, Greek, and Latin texts influenced his career and set him apart from other painters during his time. [17] He is particularly known for his portrayal of human figures, lush and richly colored fabrics and well-developed themes often derived from both Christian and classical traditions. 27. Post-Impressionist, Paul Czanne (18391906) registered for permission to copy the goddess as many as ten times. All of these symbols, Rubens displayed in this ambiguous and enigmatic painting to represent or "misrepresent" Marie de' Medici in the manner that portrayed her as the prudent, yet caring and humble mother of a young and nave monarch. Moreover, they are considered to be far from "likenesses" of either sitter. Rubens had the task of creating twenty-one paintings about a woman whose life could be measured by her marriage to Henry IV and the births of her six children, one of which died in infancy. The many headed hydra struck a fatal blow by Divine Justice as witnessed by Divine Providence, a theme based on a classical seventeenth century metaphor for insurrection. [8] In 1621, Marie de' Medici commissioned Rubens to paint two large series depicting the lives of herself and her late husband, Henry IV, to adorn both wings of the first floor of the Luxembourg Palace. She died in almost total poverty and obscurity, far away from both her homeland and the country she had once ruled. Maria's uncle Ferdinando I de' Medici became the new Grand Duke of Tuscany and married Christina of Lorraine (granddaughter of the famous Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France) in 1589. Please let us know if a fact weve published is inaccurate (or even if you just suspect its inaccurate) by reaching out to us at contribute@factinate.com. [107] Marie de' Medici however, emerges as a loving mother, ready to forgive all evils and pain endured. [58] This particular image appears to carry significant weight in Rubens's iconographic program for the cycle, as it appears in six (one quarter) of the twenty-four paintings of the cycle. Spectacular displays (by Claes Corneliszoon Moeyaert) and water pageants took place in the city's harbour in celebration of her visit. Did Marie almost immediately mess this chance up? The Master of the The ambiguity of the figures was essentially used to depict Marie in a positive light. More than once, the artistic license of the painter was curbed in order to portray Marie in the right light. [121] Of the oil sketches executed later by him, only nine survive, along with five large unfinished canvasses. 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