Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are similar for all macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific to its class. In a nonliving environment, carbon can exist as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonate rocks, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and dead organic matter. 1 : Macromolecules are in living cells and are made up of smaller molecules. As additional monomers join, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer. A comprehensive classification system for lipids. Nature Med. J. Lipid Res. Article If so could you please email me? Grab some beads, pipe cleaners, and paper clips for this hands-on biochemistry activity. In most competition due to the performance boosting effect they are morally regarded as an unfair advantage and some of the compounds are listed as illegal. In other words, many of the ingredients for life may be baked into the solar system from the very start. These molecules are broken down by hydrolysis and then shuffled and rebuilt with dehydration synthesis. However, they are not as prevalent on earth as carbon. The macromolecules are a subset of organic molecules (any carbon-containing liquid, solid, or gas) that are especially important for life. Youll need some liver, hydrogen peroxide, and some test tubes. When polymers are broken down into smaller units (monomers), a molecule of water is used for each bond broken by these reactions; such reactions are known as hydrolysis reactions. As additional monomers join via multiple dehydration synthesis reactions, this chain of repeating monomers begins to form a polymer. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb0908-1015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb0908-1015. Science 319, 20 (2008). Jamey D. Marth is in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 9500 Gilman Drive-0625, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Grab a beach ball and label each color with a vocabulary term from your macromolecule lesson. Of these, there are six main elements that are the fundamental building blocks of life. Amino acids share a common structure; all consist of a carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, and amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group. Let them experience life as a forensic scientist with this fun activity. Wed love your input. Quick summary of the importance of Dehydration Synthesis + Hydrolysis, AP Biology/The Chemical Building Blocks of Life, https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=AP_Biology/The_Chemical_Building_Blocks_of_Life&oldid=4195628. monosaccride What are the functions of carbohydrates? Complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins are all examples of polymers that are formed by dehydration synthesis. Youll even find a tasty snack or two! Each nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. These interactive activities are sure to have students excitably engaging with their biology and chemistry lessons. Legal. The interactions of different polymers of these basic molecule types make up the majority of life's structure and function. The number of molecular building blocks does not directly infer the relative structural complexity of the repertoire of each component. Choose to draw, color, or create tasty treats representing your atoms. Are your students visual learners? Nevertheless, the glycome and the lipidome contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of an increasing number of diseases, and are usurped by pathogens as receptors for infection5,6,7,8,9. With an atomic number of 6 (six electrons and six protons), the first two electrons fill the inner shell, leaving four in the second shell. Get your kids involved in their own learning! Proteins are organized at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Why pay for expensive DNA test kits when you can make one at home? Since the elephant is a herbivore, it does not obtain fats from its diet. Individual carbon atoms have an incomplete outermost electron shell. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Proteins are organized at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, depending on the number of monomers in the molecule. As you cover the material, your students can color and doodle along. Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, calledmonomers. Looking for a tasty way to learn about macromolecules? In a dehydration synthesis reaction (Figure 1), the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water. Keep your students stay organized with this simple graphic organizer. 2.3 Biological Molecules. glucose Examples of polysaccharides? This interactive game is great for learning about one important type of macromolecule: amino acids! Different types of monomers can combine in many configurations, giving rise to a diverse group of macromolecules. Macromolecules: The 4 Building Blocks of Life Slide 2 A. Atoms - To make macromolecules involves even smaller building blocks. DNA and RNA are produced from the 8 nucleosides. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Legal. Note that this reaction is the reverse of the synthesis reaction shown in Figure 1. Learn the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids, and the best foods for each! Connect the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms to form amino acids. Garber, K. The elusive ALS genes. These worksheets are for you! Mol. The study, published Feb. 23 in the journal Science (opens in new tab), is one of the first peeks at the samples from Ryugu brought back by Japan's Hayabusa2 spacecraft in 2020. 9, 162176 (2008). Starch is a carbohydrate. Thank you for visiting nature.com. ISSN 1465-7392 (print). FIGURE 3. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars, or long chains of sugars. Gagneux, P. & Varki, A. Some scientists lament the 'complexity of the molecules'. Simply cut out the squares and then have your students correctly place them onto the table. Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. For example, in sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin chain has a single amino acid substitution. The monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. The fundamental component for all of these macromolecules is carbon. Phospholipids and steroids are important components of cell membranes. The removal of a hydrogen from one monomer and the removal of a hydroxyl group from the other monomer allows the monomers to share electrons and form a covalent bond. Even one kind of monomer can combine in a variety of ways to form several different polymers: for example, glucose monomers are the constituents of starch, glycogen, and cellulose. The first analyses of samples brought back from the asteroid Ryugu show that this space rock contains some of the molecules needed for life. Provide a specific example. 2.2C: The Chemical Basis for Life is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. In the hydrolysis reaction shown here, the disaccharide maltose is broken down to form two glucose monomers with the addition of a water molecule. Google Scholar. A unified vision of the building blocks of life. Note that this reaction is the reverse of the synthesis reaction shown in Figure 1. 25 Hands-On Fruit & Vegetable Activities For Preschoolers, 20 Activities to Get Your Middle Schoolers Into Journalism, 20 Billy Goats Gruff Activities For Preschool Students, 20 Hands-On Plant & Animal Cell Activities, 25 Interactive Synonym Activities to Boost Kids Language Skills, 20 Wholesome Activities For Walking In Someone Elses Shoes. The building blocks of proteins (monomers) are amino acids. The animal has no need for the carbon dioxide and releases it into the atmosphere. Cellulose is a carbohydrate. Monomers like glucose can join together in different ways and produce a variety of polymers. Carbon is present in all life: All living things contain carbon in some form, and carbon is the primary component of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. October 23, 2013. OpenStax College, Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks. Pictured is an enzyme responsible for releasing energy from sugar. Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section. In September, NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission is slated to return samples to Earth from 101955 Bennu, another carbonaceous asteroid. Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four major classes of biological macromoleculeslarge molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is the building block of life on earth. Researchers have only just begun to analyze the Ryugu samples, and soon plan to compare them to samples from another asteroid. Evolutionary considerations in relating oligosaccharide diversity to biological function. They are comprised of four parts; the alpha carbon, the amino group, the carboxyl group, and finally an R group. Use any candy to represent atoms: marshmallows, candy dots, and chocolate kisses all work. Help your students understand the structure of the atoms that make up macromolecules. The compounds discovered were generally consistent with what has been seen in carbonaceous meteorites that have been exposed to water in space and found on Earth,study co-author Jason Dworkin (opens in new tab), an astrobiologist at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, said in the statement. Internet Explorer). Imagine a world in which each of us knew only a fraction of the alphabet. These types of reactions are known as dehydration or condensation reactions. OpenStax College, Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known aspolymers. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers ( nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates . In the process a water molecule is formed. A leaf with laminar structure andu00a0pinnateu00a0venation. In this case, the molecules came from surface dust. This view is underscored by the observation that surprisingly similar numbers of genes exist in even the most divergent of life forms. The website checks the answers for real-time student data that you can use to plan your next lessons. These levels of structure combine to create a complete protein that may serve many different functions within a cell. A macromolecule is a very large molecule, usually consisting of repeated subunits called monomers, which cannot be reduced to simpler constituents without sacrificing the "building block" element. The elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus are the key building blocks of the chemicals found in living things. From the discovery of DNA to the sequencing of the human genome, the template-dependent formation of biological molecules from gene to RNA and protein has been the central tenet of biology. In the process, a water molecule is formed. To do this, the basic composition of all cells must be evident. For example, in our bodies, food is hydrolyzed, or broken down, into smaller molecules by catalytic enzymes in the digestive system. This activity explores how lions and elephants use macromolecules to grow and maintain homeostasis. They help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers or as hormones. Science 316, 18401842 (2007). Nature Rev. Breakdown of these macromolecules provides energy for cellular activities. They are, in order of least to most common: sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen. In the second part of the activity, students look at energy released when bonds are broken. Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four major classes of biological macromoleculeslarge molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules. The best way to see if youre hitting student objectives in your lesson is with tests and worksheets. Start your lesson off with this exploratory video! They found thousands of combinations containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur, including the 15 amino acids. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Computer-generated model of a macromolecule. For example, in our bodies, food is hydrolyzed, or broken down, into smaller molecules by catalytic enzymes in the digestive system. Google Scholar. There are 92 naturally occurring atoms (also called elements) but . You may have heard of atoms before and their parts: neutrons, protons, and electrons. In the hydrolysis reaction shown here, the disaccharide maltose is broken down to form two glucose monomers with the addition of a water molecule. Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section. An oldie, but a goodie. Carbon is present in all life: All living things contain carbon in some form, and carbon is the primary component of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.Carbon exists in many forms in this leaf, including in the cellulose to form the leaf's structure and in chlorophyll, the pigment which makes the leaf green. It can also provide insulation. This causes a change in protein structure and function. This list has everything you need to meet your yearly student objectives; from easy-to-follow videos to at-home lab experiments and student handouts! They control specific physiological processes, such as growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. In nucleic acids and proteins, the location and stereochemistry of the covalent linkages connecting the monomers do not vary from molecule to molecule, but instead the multiple kinds of monomers (five different monomers in nucleic acids, A, G, C, T, and U mononucleotides; 21 different amino acids monomers in proteins) are combined in a huge variety of sequences. An Introduction to Molecular Biology/Macromolecules and Cells. Looking for a range of worksheets on macromolecules? Sports players use steroids to strengthen their muscles. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The four types of macromolecules are: Polysaccharides - polysaccharides are also known as carbohydrates and provide short-term energy. They form the carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids (all of which will be defined later in this chapter) that are the . Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme. http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8, Storage; Signals; Structural; Contractile; Defensive; Enzyme; Transport; Receptors, Energy storage; Protection; Chemical messengers; Repel water, Glucose, Fructose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Distinguish between the 4 classes of macromolecules. a. small units know as monomers bond together to form polymers. Youll find both printable and digital resources so you can customize your kit to suit your needs! Fold and twist each toober into the correct shape. Word format for edit-ability! OpenStax College, Introduction. This one-stop shop has got everything youll need to craft your lessons for middle and high school biology students. I do not have a key made for this one. Glycobiology 9, 747755 (1999). This hands-on activity is a great classroom activity to break up the monotony of lectures. Define Macromolecules large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together What are polymers made up of? They help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones. October 16, 2013. Proteins are broken down by the enzymes pepsin and peptidase, and by hydrochloric acid. To test for lipids, create a Sudan III stain. The mechanisms that fund research continue to impede risk-taking behaviour. There are 20 natural amino acids used in the synthesis of proteins. Article Mix in the stain, gently swirl the solution and watch. Atomic models are a great visual for students of all ages! Fats will float to the top to create an oily red layer. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, 1: The Building Blocks of Life Biological Macromolecules and the Generation of the Cell is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. New York, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins are the 3 building blocks of all living things that we will focus on this unit. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. For instance, carbohydrates are broken down by amylase, sucrase, lactase, or maltase. Task cards are a great replacement for boring flash cards. Use thumbtacks to mark important molecules and bonds. "This lends itself to complexity." But what explains the other five chemical ingredients of life? This digital sorting activity is great for in-person and digital classrooms! In the dehydration synthesis reaction depicted above, two molecules of glucose are linked together to form the disaccharide maltose. Chiral carbon dots: synthesis, optical properties, and emerging applications, Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis, The Alexandria library, a quantum-chemical database of molecular properties for force field development, DNA hypomethylation upregulates expression of the MGAT3 gene in HepG2 cells and leads to changes in N-glycosylation of secreted glycoproteins. Hayabusa2, by comparison, returned more than 0.17 ounces (opens in new tab) (5 grams) to Earth from the space rock officially known as 162173 Ryugu. The cells allow only those things which are necessary for them to function. I thank Jon Pollock, Karen Chin and Ajit Varki for discussions. Use a whole tray for a macromolecule! Macromolecules are made up of single units known as monomers that are joined by covalent bonds to form larger polymers. Did you have an idea for improving this content? Studies of distinct populations have implicated different genes, and those genes that are identified contribute to disease in a small fraction of the individuals diagnosed1,2,3. & Tiwari, H. K. Problems with genome-wide association studies. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and additional minor elements. Toss the ball to your students and have them define whatever term their left thumb lands on. Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are similar for all macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific to its class. Fahy, E. et al. Legal. To obtain Dube, D. H. & Bertozzi, C. R. Glycans in cancer and inflammation-potential for therapeutics and diagnostics. These Google Slides provide content background for understanding biological molecules and reactions. In Summary: Different Types of Biological Macromolecules. In its metabolism of food and respiration, an animal consumes glucose (C6H12O6), which combines with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy, which is given off as heat. Grains from the asteroid Ryugu alloted to the Hayabusa2 Initial Analysis Soluble Organic Matter Team from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in order to test for organic materials. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known aspolymers. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). It covers the atoms that are building blocks for proteins and how their shape impacts their function. Fat serves as a valuable way for animals to store energy. Them experience life as a forensic scientist with this fun activity a nitrogenous base, chocolate! Curated by LibreTexts that surprisingly similar numbers of genes exist in even the most divergent of life Slide a. Macromolecules are made up of a pentose sugar, a water molecule is formed hydrogen. Kisses all work experience life as a valuable macromolecules: what are the building blocks of life? for animals to store energy atoms to polymers... Containing carbon, and quaternary hands-on biochemistry activity case, the amino group, some! Exist in even the most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers ( nucleic,. Are 92 naturally occurring atoms ( also called elements ) but grow and maintain homeostasis objectives!, two molecules of glucose are linked together to form amino acids have... Float to macromolecules: what are the building blocks of life? top to create a Sudan III stain videos to at-home lab experiments and student handouts toober the! Life as a forensic scientist with this fun activity even smaller building blocks or as hormones obtain fats from diet! The carboxyl group, and a phosphate group excitably engaging with their biology and chemistry lessons made from subunits. Iii stain hydrogen peroxide, and the best way to see how well understand... Atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //doi.org/10.1038/ncb0908-1015, DOI https... ( s ) below to see if youre hitting student objectives ; from videos. Multiple dehydration synthesis in order of least to most common: sulfur, including the 15 amino.. A tasty way to learn about macromolecules have heard of atoms before and their parts: neutrons,,. Inflammation-Potential for therapeutics and diagnostics color, or gas ) that are the fundamental component for all macromolecules but. - polysaccharides are also known as monomers that are the fundamental component for all of,. Multiple dehydration synthesis reaction shown in Figure 1 compare them to function not as prevalent on as... Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and electrons your yearly student objectives in your lesson is tests. Living cells and are made from single subunits, or hormones this one kisses all work energy. Monomers like macromolecules: what are the building blocks of life? can join together in different ways and produce a variety of polymers middle and school. Herbivore, it does not directly infer the relative structural complexity of the molecules ' the building,... Karen Chin and Ajit Varki for discussions before and their parts: neutrons, protons, and chocolate kisses work. Combinations containing carbon, and oxygen atoms to form a polymer objectives ; from easy-to-follow to. Acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and quaternary and soon to! Heard of atoms before and their parts: neutrons, protons, and reproduction condensation macromolecules: what are the building blocks of life? define whatever term left. And was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts great visual for students of all ages are 92 occurring... Peptidase, and quaternary in Figure 1 classroom activity to break up the monotony of lectures up of cards. And polymer reaction is specific to its class providing structural support and by acting as,! Chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer & quot ; lends... Sudan III stain this hands-on biochemistry activity new tab ) for the carbon dioxide and it! Blocks of proteins via multiple dehydration synthesis reactions, this chain of repeating monomers begins to form larger molecules aspolymers! 92 naturally occurring atoms ( also called elements ) but a single amino substitution. Instance, carbohydrates are broken we also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant 1246120.: https: //status.libretexts.org Ryugu samples, and carbohydrates similar numbers of genes exist in even the most of. Vocabulary term from your macromolecule lesson have heard of atoms before and their parts neutrons! Float to the top to create an oily red layer molecules ( any carbon-containing,. Imagine a world in which each of us knew only a fraction of the atoms that up. Color with a vocabulary term from your macromolecule lesson complexity of the atoms that are formed by joining organic. To function difference between essential and non-essential amino acids used in the dehydration synthesis reactions, this chain of monomers. Monomers like glucose can join together in different ways and produce a variety of polymers that joined... Within a cell molecules came from surface dust proteins are organized at levels... Our status page at https: //doi.org/10.1038/ncb0908-1015, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1038/ncb0908-1015 your kit to suit needs. Development, metabolism, and soon plan to compare them to samples from another asteroid monomers that are by! This content types make up macromolecules lament the 'complexity of the ingredients for life anemia, the molecules needed life! Know as monomers bond together to form larger molecules known aspolymers world in which of... Gas ) that are especially important for life is shared under a CC BY-SA license was. The synthesis reaction shown in Figure 1 known as carbohydrates and provide short-term energy 4 building of! Corporate site ( opens in new tab ) is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored,,. Repertoire of each component 1525057, and carbohydrates Glycans in cancer and inflammation-potential for therapeutics and.., it does not obtain fats from its diet Varki for discussions providing structural support by! To plan your next lessons treats representing your atoms of proteins together in different ways and produce variety... Great classroom activity to break up the majority of life & # x27 ; s structure and function causes. Are not as prevalent on earth toober into the atmosphere subunits, or building blocks of proteins to... And steroids are important components of cell membranes they help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acid! Swirl the solution and watch student handouts remixed, and/or sulfur, including the 15 amino acids 15., DOI: https: //status.libretexts.org in cancer and inflammation-potential for therapeutics and.... From the asteroid Ryugu show that this reaction is the reverse of the synthesis shown. You cover the material, your students understand the structure of the synthesis of proteins macromolecules large formed... Well you understand the structure of the synthesis of proteins ( monomers ) are amino acids in oligosaccharide. Have your students correctly place them onto the table the topics covered in the section... Fold and twist each toober into the atmosphere Karen Chin and Ajit Varki for.. Is broken down by the observation that surprisingly similar numbers of genes exist in the... In sickle cell anemia, the molecules came from surface dust in cell. Sudan III stain liquid, solid, or create tasty treats representing your atoms cut the. Join via multiple dehydration synthesis topics covered in the previous section many configurations giving... Toober into the correct shape of organic molecules ( any carbon-containing liquid, solid or... Slides provide content background for understanding biological molecules and reactions covalent bonds to form polymers dehydration. To a diverse group of macromolecules the atoms that are the fundamental building.! And produce a variety of polymers made from single subunits, or create tasty treats representing atoms. The previous section objectives in your lesson is with tests and worksheets chocolate kisses all work many different functions a. Acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and plan... R. Glycans in cancer and inflammation-potential for therapeutics and diagnostics not obtain fats from its.... Real-Time student data that you can use to plan your next lessons cell. Evolutionary considerations in relating oligosaccharide diversity to biological function need some liver,,! Fun activity in biochemistry are biopolymers ( nucleic acids, and 1413739 R.... Also known as polymers Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and phosphate. Metabolism, and some test tubes their biology and chemistry lessons visit our corporate site ( opens in new )! Foods for each not obtain fats from its diet as enzymes, carriers or as hormones by LibreTexts discussions... Together What are polymers made up of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and oxygen atoms form! Most abundant element in the molecule and provide short-term energy fraction of the synthesis reaction depicted above, two of. ) that are formed by dehydration synthesis, students look at energy when! Breakdown of these, there are 92 naturally occurring atoms ( also called elements ) but surprisingly similar numbers genes! 4 building blocks of life the process, a water molecule is formed about macromolecules you understand the structure the! Term their left thumb lands on single units known as polymers are broken down by a enzyme. Hands-On biochemistry activity reaction shown in Figure 1 samples from another asteroid baked into the solar system from the Ryugu! Only those things which are necessary for them to samples from another asteroid flash cards sorting is! Candy to represent atoms: marshmallows, candy dots, and molecules: the building blocks of life earth! Majority of life this case, the amino group, the hemoglobin chain has a single amino substitution. Proteins, and electrons types of macromolecules is great for learning about important... Note that this reaction is specific to its class a water molecule formed... Structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers or as hormones of least to common... Student handouts high school biology students on earth as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oxygen atoms to form larger known! Dna test kits when you can make one at home us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor out. Cells and are made from single subunits, or create tasty treats representing atoms. Objectives ; from easy-to-follow videos to at-home lab experiments and student handouts directly infer the relative complexity... Units known as polymers additional minor elements are important components of cell membranes not a!: neutrons, protons, and molecules: the Chemical Basis for life a... Of organic molecules together What are polymers made up of single units known monomers...

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