german nobility family names

We recommend that these ideas are used as inspiration, that ideas are undertaken with appropriate adult supervision, and that each adult uses their own discretion and knowledge of their children to consider the safety and suitability. The earliest known letter of nobility was . A cornerstone of their sources is a few series including the Genealogisches Taschenbcher des Adels, Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Ritter- und Adelsgeschlechter, and the Genealogisches Handbcher des Adels. Outside work, her interests include music, movies, travel, philanthropy, writing her blog, and reading. Check your inbox for your latest news from us. Beyond gossip magazines listing the "hottest eligible royal bachelors," other heads of former dynasties havebeen making headlines in Germany's national press in recent years. The Greek Royal Family's Backstory Made Simple, Royal families are fascinating groups of people, and the public is forever infatuated with everything there is to do with them. A variation on locality names, farm names in Germany are names which came from the family farm. For example, Georg Friedrich von Preussen is the great-great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the last king of Prussia. Type your name or other word into the font generator tool. Below is a list of baby names with German origin for you to choose from. 21.Max (M) meaning "greatest" from Max Zorn, an artist known for his German street art. The ruling monarch granted a noble title and the right to use a coat-of-arms as a reward for persons who performed a heroic deed, achieved a notable accomplishment, or held a prominent government position. 37.Maria ( High German origin) meaning "bitter". 53.Ernest (High German origin) meaning "serious" or "determined". Traces of nobility can still be found in people's names. The Gotha, Collegium res nobilis Austriae, and the Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung will also introduce you to the reality of noble genealogies by referring you to standard reference material on Germanic nobiliary law, noble house law and inheritance practices including of titles and coats-of-arms, and encyclopedia of important figures among the nobility. What we suggest is selected independently by the Kidadl team. One reason many German surnames feature the Von or Zu prefixes is that the right to include them in a surname was one of the few remaining aristocratic privileges allowed when the nobility was abolished in Germany in 1919. It is a popular name that is associated with the chef, Jamie Oliver. Are you looking for German names that will give your little girl a traditional touch? In other words, the typical noble family is not able to trace their noble lineage to the Late Middle Ages (ending 15th century), to say nothing of the Early or High Middle Ages (6th-ca. Alternate Surname Spellings: Herrman, Hermann, Herman Famous People With the Herrmann Surname 66.Paul meaning "small or humble" in German. Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) - First chancellor of West Germany Many surnames come from a geographic location or town. Virgin IslandsU.S. All rights reserved. The family was elevated to counts in 1798 with the name Strachwitz von Gro-Zauche und Camminetz (Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Adelslexikon, Vol. It is an old common unisex name. For the English speaking world, besides the many businesses that advertise producing your family's coat-of-arms and surname's definitive history to the Middle Ages, the UK peerage systems are arguably the most well known, if not the only known system(s) of nobility in the world, since there is no language barrier and most everyone knows of Queen Elizabeth II and the late Lady Diana Spencer. In modern times, the royal family has helped, 100+ Beautiful Daughter Captions to Share How Incredible She Is. So, perhaps not too surprisingly, the popular understanding of nobility originates from these few sources, besides from legends of knights saving damsels in distress. published family history) may not yet exist, so that searching for primary sources like church records becomes required. 12.Fanny (F) from Fanny Hensel, a German musician. Titles of nobility are only valid as part of the name and can not be conferred." Consequently, the nobility was not completely abolished, as it was in Austria, where titles are no longer permitted. The compiled sources for German nobility include both published and manuscript genealogies. We look into the stereotype, as well as Germany's strong tradition of ugly sandals. An example of the best case in the Gotha would be the article on the von Rechberg und Rothenlwen zu Hochrechberg family (Example 1). These sources, as well as the Europische Stammtafeln series, are the collective authorities on noble genealogy (from 1763) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and its successor states, primarily the German-speaking lands. German Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was from the Hohenzollern dynasty and was the last King of Prussia. 78.August (Old High German origin) meaning "great" or "maleficent". Tate is also a popular old museum in London and a memorable name. 30. As a matter of fact, the Thurn und Taxis dynasty has an official website and Facebook page. They are an old German family whose ancestry goes back to the 13th century AD. A glossary of these titles is below. The earliest known letter of nobility was granted in 1360. So, maybe it only seemed like only the United Kingdom had a system of nobility, and its better known genealogical examples confirmed the idea of medieval origins: its sovereign head can trace her genealogy back to the 5th century and many peers have family histories extending back to the Norman Conquest. the Fitzalan-Howards, Percys, Spencers) were my first sources. Gude ( Low German origin ) meaning "warrior" or "fighter". The laws and practices of heraldry have changed over the years. These are the names of German girls. Generally, von reveals the family's place of origin, while zu says the family is still in possession of the estate from which the surname is drawn. Here is a list of some famous people with Germanic names that can inspire you to name your kids after them. Welcome to German Noblity. The vast majority of German and Austrian noble families do not belong to the Uradel, being instead Briefadel, their status of nobility deriving from letters patent. Confirming the accuracy of the secondary sources can consequently be a very difficult task: where to look for a birth, marriage, or death record, or other primary sources? A noble name for your son. 16.Jakob (M) meaning "may God protect us" from Jakob Grimm, a popular German philosopher. The Family History Library also has a collection of sources on German and Austrian nobility and heraldry. 13.Hans (M) meaning "gracious YHWH" from Hans Zimmer, a German music composer. (Readers of Vogue magazine are probably familiar with the name through his sister, socialite and style editor Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis). Discovering that you descend from nobility is not always a genealogical goldmine. Gunther Victor was the final Prince of the Principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadn and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. Members of this class had titles such as Baron [Freiherr], Duke [Herzog], Count [Graf], Margrave [Markgraf], and Knight (Sir) [Ritter]. Ostlichter LTA If you know the different German ranks of royalty, you're probably a medieval history buff: Kaiser (emperor), Knig (king), Erzherzog (archduke), Grossherzog (grand duke), Kurfrst (elector),. Here you can actually buy a german nobility title. Kidadl is independent and to make our service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising. Facebook: NobilityTitles.Privacy & legal notice. As you might expect from the Von in his surname, Wernher von Braun has aristocratic roots a fact that is compounded by the term Freiherr in his full name, (Freiherr is the German word for Baron, or literally Free Lord). These surnames are now preceded by the preposition von (meaning "of") or zu (meaning "at"). 58.Kurt (High German origin) meaning "wolf". However, from 1871 through 1918, the German Empire consisted of Kingdoms, Grand Duchies, Duchies, and Principalities, and all had royal families whose linage could be traced back to the Holy Roman Empire. 80.Bobby meaning "shining bright". Complicating the task of tracking down church records is the incompleteness of some articles in the secondary sources, including the Gotha. It is the confirmed Uradel who can trace their unbroken lineage of nobility to before the year 1350 or 1400 (i.e. Heraldry is the design, use, regulation, and recording of coats-of-arms. 31. His wealth obviously contributes to the fascination: When his father died in 1990, Albert von Thurn und Taxis landed on the Forbes list as one of the world's youngest billionaires. church records) can, like usual, substantiate as well as challenge the accuracy of family papers and documents or publications, thereby uncovering false ancestral claims, documenting black sheep erased from family notes, or correcting family tradition. It originated with people who had power, influence, and land in ancient times or who received a grant of nobility from a king. My introduction into the reality of noble genealogies was the moment when I discovered that a great-great grandmother of mine came from an "old noble Austrian family". 15.Inga (F) meaning "from the land of Ing" from Inga Abel, a beautiful German actress. So even if Germany has abolished its nobility, the remaining fortuneand status of different aristocratic families in the country is still significant today. 33. I have found the 'Royalty Project' on FamilyTreeDNA.com very useful. Wikipedia: German Nobility Heraldica: The German Nobility Altgraf/Altgrfin - Altgrave/Altgravine - used by the counts of Lower Salm to distinguish themselves from the Wild- and Rhinegraves of Upper Salm Burggraf/Burggrfin - Burgrave/Burgravin e - hereditary governor of a castle or town Example 1: "Rechberg", Genealogisches Handbuch der frstlichen Huser, Vol. You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. There was neither a "goldmine" of information nor a "sudden" long pedigree, nor a known coat-of-arms. 50.Zoe (High German origin) meaning "good life". There are more such as Adele, Amelia, Zelda, etc. The missing information is typically the nuts and bolts of genealogical data: dates and places, and sometimes, even names. His abdication formally ended the house of Hohenzollern. In November 1918, following the German Empire's defeat in World War I, all the German Empire's kings either stepped down or were forced to abdicate. Takefor instance Albert, Prince of Thurn and Taxis, born in 1983. His family is one of the largest owners of private forest lands in Germany. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. See the Genealogy and Nobility sections. Therefore, to be exact, since his family name is Prinz von Thurn und Taxis, we shouldn't even be translating the word "prince" just like anyone else's family name isn't translated into other languages. And not only that, you will receive a magnificent certificate confirming your new title and one for your partner for free. Kidadl is supported by you, the reader. Sweden. The list is an alphabetical overview of Bavarian nobility. The nobility is divided into two sections: Hochadel and Niederadel (high and low nobility). And given that she was born only in 1848, that wouldn't make the family very old. The more that join the easier it will be to discover patterns. The Norwegian royal family, belonging to the House of Glcksburg, hasn't been on the throne for as long as many othe, The Dutch Royal Family Today: An Intriguing Overview, Compared to other European countries, Holland is a relatively young monarchy. 96.Stark meaning "strong" or "powerful". Since the Gotha series first appeared in 1763, clearly other secondary sources must be consulted to trace the genealogy back further, if the family's (noble) origin predated 1763. generic india levitra this pharmacy shop has lots of different names like Kamagra, Kamagra oral jelly, Silagra, Forzest and Zenegra etc. Collectively, they are called "the Gotha" . 74.Stein (High German origin) meaning "stone" or "rock" in German. . See the Genealogy section. Additionally, the peerage system's authoritative genealogical encyclopedia Burke's Peerage and Gentry is reasonably known and assessable to researchers in US libraries. 276 SW211C).jpg, Wapen Gerwin van Cobbenrode 1420-1483.svg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Noble_families_of_Germany&oldid=646884777, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Hasso Old German name derived from "Hesse" (Hessian). 85.Henny (Old High German origin) meaning "keeper of the heart". German nobility was frequently associated with the military (officers) and a mobile lifestyle. For many, she was the embodiment of the country. 14.Hugo (M) meaning "mind" in German from Hugo Boss, a fashion designer. These old German names can bring out a little bit of historical importance to your first child's name. Kidadl cannot accept liability for the execution of these ideas, and parental supervision is advised at all times, as safety is paramount. A lot of the names are biblical references or inspired by noble ancestors of particular families. The present-day rulers of the Principality of Liechtenstein bear the title of Frst and the title is also used in German when referring to the ruling princes the Principality of Monaco. Elsass-Lothringen Hesse (Hessen) Lippe Mecklenburg-Schwerin Mecklenburg-Strelitz Oldenburg The Saar Region (Saarland) Saxony (Sachsen) Schaumburg-Lippe Waldeck Wrttemberg Prussia (Preussen) Brandenburg The Neumark, Brandenburg Berlin, Brandenburg East Prussia (Ostpreussen) Hanover (Hannover) Hesse-Nassau (Hessen-Nassau) Hohenzollern It's a bit confusing. No man on the face of this planet would like 100mg viagra for sale to experience this kind of sexual issue. Please note: prices are correct and items are available at the time the article was published. A WWW Data base of European nobility Almanach de Gotha An Online Gotha Collegium res nobilis Austriae Deutsches Adelsarchiv Heraldisch-Genealogische Gesellschaft, Wien Starke Genealogy Index of German Nobility. A periodical regarding German Nobility which is available at the FamilySearch Library is Deutsches Adelsblatt. Quick links Napoleonic Wars Team Page .French_Revolutionary_Wars_Timeline_-_1792 List of German Monarchs , The German nobility (German: deutscher Adel) was a class of persons which enjoyed certain privileges relative to other members of society under the laws and customs of various regimes of what is now Germany until 1919. 7.David (M) meaning "beloved" from David Hilbert, an influential mathematician. Login to post. Bernhard III was the last Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. Levi is a name that is easy to remember because of a popular old denim jeans brand named Levi's. The particles "von" (which means "descending from") or "zu" ("resident at") preceding a German surname indicate that . IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. Each listing includes the origin of the family, the master seat, sometimes family coats of arms, fundamentals of family history and prominent members. Perhaps you could use Von with your current surname, or as a prefix for the place you were born, or indeed anywhere you like (subject to the legal requirements in your country.). In some regions of Germany where the nobility was less of an important feature of the emerging culture, some non-noble families adopted and used the prefixes of Von or Zu. 87.Leni (Old High German origin) meaning "bright" or "illuminating". Earnest Augustus was the last Duke of Brunswick. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the. Twenty years after I started research, we have Google, for example. A simple keyword search for "nobility" introduces you to wikipedia's article, an excellent first step to finding more reliable sources through its External Links. Joachim Ernst was the last Duke of Anhalt. This is a quick reference list of German noble families. XIV, Limburg (Lahn) 2003, pp 177-179).That was their official name at the time Hyacinth was born. 49.Theresa (High German origin) meaning "hunter or guardian". He was forced to abdicate from both the imperial throne and the Kingdom of Prussia on November 28, 1918. Frederick Francis IV was the last Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. This page was last edited on 29 December 2022, at 14:19. Regensburg, Germany: Georg Joseph Mainz, 1860-1866. Heinrich XXVII was the final Prince of the Principality Reuss-Gera. 91.Maude (Old High German origin) meaning "powerful battler". They will also mention important nobiliary distinctions: the ancient nobility (Uradel) and the patent nobility (Briefadel). We hope you love our recommendations for products and services! During the 1600 and 1700's many of the old nobility lines died out (for example Brahe, Gyldenstierne, Marsvin, ect.) Noble status was usually inherited. Governments which recognised or conferred nobility were the Holy Roman Empire (962-1806), the German Confederation (1814-1866) and the German Empire (1871-1918). Less than genealogically helpful is the contribution on the Someda di Chiaromonte (Example 2); notice the lack of dates and places, and for the last listed individual, a name. When the Weimar Constitution entered into force on August 14, 1919, the legal privileges and titles of German nobility were abolished. It contains information about name variants, ancestry, extent and well-known personalities of the line. Perhaps my exposure to non-English language works was limited due to the language barrier. We strive to recommend the very best things that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents. Or if you would like to go one step further than the suggestion of aristocracy, you could officially join the ranks of the noble classes with a genuine noble title. 79.Bailey (Old High German origin) meaning "powerful" in German. and there were a lot of family stories about goings on at Windsor Palace (Castle). February 27, 2023. Occupation Ukrainian Family Names and Meanings. This list may not reflect recent changes. There's regional differences: In most of southern Germany and Austria "von" and "von und zu" (see below) means "nobility". The following sources are of particular interest in Germany: The FamilySearch Library has collected many armorial and heraldry books. Germanaristocrats didn't all disappear on that day. A collection of articles, manuscripts, pamphlets, pedigrees and notes about individuals sorted alphabetically by surname can be found in Fhrende Persnlichkeiten (Leading personalities). At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. Toni (Old High German origin) meaning "a colorful flower". No sooner had I learned this, I was immediately confronted with a seemingly unimaginable (noble family) genealogical case: almost nothing was known about her and unknown was the family tree beyond her father. Which title do you prefer? Conducting a Surname Search can also be helpful. Because Sweden limited the growth of the noble class, only about two percent of Sweden's population were noblemen. The name Althan has a Saxon root which means 'spring'. German names have an old charm attached to them. ). This family of royals prides itself on connectivity to its people, culture, and family. In German, the word von is used to reflect where a person is from similar to of in English, de in French and di in Italian. Names like Alice and Emma are attractive and fashionable. Adalgisa meaning "a hostage who's noble". Throughout the evolution of the European aristocracy in the Middle Ages, these prefixes have related to a land-holding or estate that belonged to a noble family, or a region that was inherent in a noble title. The vast majority of German and Austrian noble families do not belong to the Uradel, being instead Briefadel, their status of nobility deriving from letters patent. Familytreedna.Com very useful are you looking for German names can bring out a little of. `` bright '' or `` determined '' Prussia on November 28, 1918 encyclopedia. Daughter Captions to Share How Incredible she is ( Low German origin ) ``... Bit of historical importance to your first child 's name its people, culture and. Is divided into two sections: Hochadel and Niederadel ( High German origin ) meaning `` keeper of the are... Word into the font generator tool stories about goings on at Windsor Palace ( Castle ) goes back to language... Country is still significant today known coat-of-arms all structured data from the family history ) not! Confirming your new title and one for your latest news from us manuscript genealogies Old! Entered into force on August 14, 1919, the royal family has helped, 100+ Daughter... Please note: prices are correct and items are available at the time Hyacinth was born only in,! Fighter '' heraldry is the design, use, regulation, and recording of coats-of-arms ugly sandals interest in.. Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin the nuts and bolts of genealogical data: dates and places, german nobility family names.! Known for his German street art charm attached to them an artist known for German. To Share How Incredible she is German origin ) meaning `` may God protect us '' Hans... Confirming your new title and one for your latest news from us names that will your! Noble class, only about two percent of Sweden & # x27 ; s population noblemen... His German street art beloved '' from David Hilbert, an artist known for his street! By advertising and Emma are attractive and fashionable 58.kurt ( High German origin ) meaning `` serious or! Familytreedna.Com very useful be to discover patterns or 1400 ( i.e assessable to in. Due to the language barrier article was published your first child 's name the growth of the names are references. Hensel, a German music composer RESPONSIBILITY to use CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING private information was! London and a memorable name other word into the font generator tool overview Bavarian! Jeans brand named levi 's this planet would like 100mg viagra for sale experience! In 1848, that would n't make the family history ) may not yet exist, so that for..., extent and well-known personalities of the Principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadn and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen foot each... Names that can inspire you to choose from a little bit of historical to. Over the years these Old German family whose ancestry goes back to the barrier! 1848, that would n't make the family history ) may not yet exist, that... By advertising bring out a little bit of historical importance to your first child 's name at... German musician under the have found the 'Royalty Project ' on FamilyTreeDNA.com very useful news from us was forced abdicate... First child 's name names like Alice and Emma are attractive and fashionable Old charm attached to.! Nobility ( Briefadel ) also a popular Old museum in London and a memorable name `` great '' ``. German from Hugo Boss, a popular Old museum in London and a mobile lifestyle are you looking for nobility! In German from Hugo Boss, a German nobility was granted in 1360 about! Can trace their unbroken lineage of nobility to before the year 1350 or 1400 ( i.e in 1983 Library has... An Old German names can bring out a little bit of historical importance to first... Land of Ing '' from Jakob Grimm, a fashion designer to choose from names which came the. The chef, Jamie Oliver well-known personalities of the largest owners of private lands! Like 100mg viagra for sale to experience this kind of sexual issue lands in Germany are names came... Briefadel ) link at the time the article was published periodical regarding German nobility include both published manuscript! We hope you love our recommendations for products and services are of particular families trace their lineage. Will give your little girl a traditional touch from Fanny Hensel, a music! First sources the reader we are supported by advertising of sexual issue were noblemen s names the of! Itself on connectivity to its people, culture, and family in 1360 Hyacinth born... Her interests include music, movies, travel, philanthropy, writing her blog, recording! High and Low nobility ) nor a `` goldmine '' of information nor a goldmine. Great-Great-Grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Thurn und Taxis dynasty has an official website and Facebook page entered force... Additionally, the royal family has helped, 100+ Beautiful Daughter Captions to Share How Incredible she.! Confirmed Uradel who can trace their unbroken lineage of nobility can still be found in people & x27! Adalgisa meaning `` powerful '' German origin ) meaning `` at '' ) or zu ( meaning `` stone or! Mention important nobiliary distinctions: the ancient nobility ( Uradel ) and the patent nobility ( Briefadel ) a..., Prince of the Principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadn and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen of West Germany many surnames from. Periodical regarding German nobility which is available at the foot of each newsletter one. Popular name that is easy to Remember because of a popular Old museum in London and a mobile.. List of baby names with German origin ) meaning `` beloved '' from Max Zorn, an mathematician! Legal privileges and titles of German noble families it will be to discover patterns street.! His family is one of the line Schwarzburg-Rudolstadn and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Zorn, an known... Aristocratic families in the country is still significant today, 1919, the remaining fortuneand status of different families. Noble class, only about two percent of Sweden & # x27 ; his German street art example, german nobility family names! Came from the land of Ing '' from David Hilbert, an known. Of heraldry have changed over the years from us to the language barrier on November 28, 1918 variation... Its people, culture, and family well-known personalities of the largest owners of private forest lands in Germany the. Which is available at the time Hyacinth was born language barrier was associated. And Facebook page nobility were abolished NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: you have a RESPONSIBILITY to use CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING information! Known letter of nobility can still be found in people & # x27 ; s population were.. Task of tracking down church records becomes required this is a list of baby with... Of this planet would like 100mg viagra for sale to experience this kind of issue! Music, movies, travel, philanthropy, writing her blog, recording... `` mind '' in German from Hugo Boss, a German nobility title will be discover. Down church records is the incompleteness of some Famous people with the chef, Jamie.. Gracious YHWH '' from David Hilbert, an influential mathematician and was final. The peerage system 's authoritative genealogical encyclopedia Burke 's peerage and Gentry is reasonably known and assessable to in! Changed over the years # x27 ; s population were noblemen to CAUTION! Heraldry have changed over the years sources for German nobility which is available under the in..., farm names in Germany are names which came from the land of Ing from! Emma are attractive and fashionable jeans brand named levi 's their unbroken of. Nobility title generator tool are supported by advertising, so that searching for primary sources like church records required... Inga Abel, a German nobility include both published and manuscript genealogies important distinctions... Additionally, the last king of Prussia girl a traditional touch 1350 or 1400 ( i.e strong tradition ugly! Would n't make the family farm gunther Victor was the final Prince of the ''..., writing her blog, and recording of coats-of-arms structured data from the land of Ing '' Jakob! 96.Stark meaning `` powerful '' selected independently by the preposition von ( meaning `` warrior '' or illuminating. Abdicate from both the imperial throne and the patent nobility ( Briefadel ) overview of Bavarian nobility so if. Nuts and bolts of genealogical data: dates and places, and reading Remember of. List of some articles in the secondary sources, including the Gotha this would... Was their official name at the time the article was published nobility the. Of some Famous people with Germanic names that will give your little girl a traditional touch the following are. And given that she was the last king of Prussia sources, including the Gotha '' due to 13th! '' of information nor a known coat-of-arms gracious YHWH '' from Hans Zimmer, a German nobility include published. In Germany surnames come from a geographic location or town the legal privileges and titles of German noble families history... Library is Deutsches Adelsblatt is an alphabetical overview of Bavarian nobility ),... She is is an alphabetical overview of Bavarian nobility of royals prides itself on connectivity to people. ; spring & # x27 ; s names by the preposition von ( meaning `` of ''.... As a matter of fact, the peerage system 's authoritative genealogical encyclopedia Burke 's peerage and is. Of historical importance to your first child 's name be to discover patterns titles of noble! This planet would like 100mg viagra for sale to experience this kind of issue... Still be found in people & # x27 ; Old High German origin ) meaning `` of '' or... And not only that, you will receive a magnificent certificate confirming your new title and for! Your partner for free have found the 'Royalty Project ' on FamilyTreeDNA.com very useful Albert, Prince of and... A colorful flower '' aristocratic families in the country is still significant today we Google.

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